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Habituation
A decrease in the strength or occurrence of a behavior after repeated exposure to the stimulus the produces the behavior
Acoustic Startle Relfex
A defensive response to a startling stimulus
Orienting Response
An organism’s innate response to a novel stimulus
Dishabituation
A renewal of a response, previously habituated, that occurs when the organism is presented with a novel stimulus
Spontaneous Recovery
Reappearance (or increase in strength) of a previously habituated response after a short period of no stimulus presentation
Sensitization
A phenomenon in which a salient stimulus (like an electrical shock) temporarily increases the strength of responses to other stimuli
Electrodermal Activity (EDA)
Fluctuations in the electrical properties of a person’s skill that are a consequence of activity in the peripheral nervous system
Dual Process Theory
The theory that habituation and sensitization are independent of each other but operate in parallel
Novel Object Recognition Task
A task in which an organism’s detection of and response to unfamiliar objects during exploratory behavior are used to measure its memories of past experience with those objects
Familiarity
The perception of similarity that occurs when an event is repeated
Priming
A phenomenon in which prior exposure to a stimulus can improve the ability to recognize that stimulus later
Word Stem Completion Task
A task in which participants are asked to fill in the blanks in a list of word stems to produce the first word that comes to mind; in a priming experiment, participants are more likely to produce a particular word (MOT → MOTEL)
Perceptual Learning
Learning in which experience with a set of stimuli makes it easier to distinguish those stimuli
Statistical Learning
Learning driven by repeated exposures to perceptual events that increases the familiarity and distinctiveness of those events
Spatial Learning
The acquisition of information about one’s surroundings
Synaptic Depression
A reduction in synaptic transmission; a possible neural mechanism underlying habituation
Homosynaptic
Occuring in one synapse without affecting nearby synapses
Heterosynaptic
Occuring in several nearby synapses simultaneously
Receptive Field
The range (field) of physical stimuli that activate a single neuron
Cortical Plasticity
The capacity to change cortical organization as a result of experience
Place Cells
A neuron that fires maximally when the organism enters a particular location within an environment
Stroke
A event in which blood flow to some region of the brain stops or in which an artery ruptures, causing neurons in the affected region to die
Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy
A motor-rehabilitation technique in which unaffected limbs are restrained to increase usage of dysfunctional limbs
Cochlear Implant
A sensory prosthesis that directly stimulates auditory nerves to produce hearing sensations in deaf individuals
