Middle East

Arabs speak

arabic

Turks speak

Turkish

Perisans speak

Farsi

Kurdish speak

Kurdish

Kurdish is similar to

Farsi

Azeris speak

Azeri

Azeri is similar to

Kurdish

Israelis speak

Hebrew

What is the most densely populated middle east country?

Bahrain

What is the least densely populated Middle east country?

Turkmenistan

what is the most populated middle east country?

Pakistan or Iran

What is the least populated middle east country

Bahrain

what is the majority population is saudi arabia?

Arabs

What is the majority population of Iraq?

Arabs

What are some minority populations in iraq?

Kurds, Turks, Armenians

What is the majority population of Iran?

Persians

What are some minority populations in iran?

Azeris, Kurds

What is the majority population of Syria?

Arabs

What are some minority populations in Syria?

Kurds, Turks, Druze

What is the majority population of Israel?

Jews

What countries are mostly Shia

Iran, Lebanon, Kuwait, Bahrain, Quatar, Azerbaijan

what minority group led to the civil war in Yemen?

Zaydi Shia

What country has a ruling family that is sunni with a shia population?

Bahrain

Wbat is the eastern Remnant of the roman empire?

Byzantium

What dinasty rose in persia in the early 3rd centryy C.E.?

Sassanid Dynasty

Which rival dynasties fought over syria and mesopotamia in the early 3rd century?

Byzantium and sassanid

what made the byzantium and sassanid dynasties weak enough for muslim arabs to attack them in the 7th century?

conflict between them

What was the official religion of the sasanians?

Zoroastrianism

what christianity did the byzantine empire practice?

eastern orthodoxy

what version of christianity lived in sasanid mesopotamia and focused on christ’s humanity?

Bestorians

What version of christianity lived in egypt syria and anatolia and focused on christs divinity?

miaphysites

what made the byzantine empire different from the roman empire?

they lived in the east, spoke greek, and were christians

who was the founder and first emperor of the byzantine empire?

Constantine the great

what did constantine rename byzantium in 330 CE

constantinople

who legalized christianity within the roman empire?

Constantine

What were the two primary territories in the byzantine near east that muslim armies expanded into?

Syria and Egypt

Before being taken by Muslim armies, what was the urban culture of Syria and Egypt?

Greek

Before being taken by Muslim armies, what was the vernacular culture of Egypt?

Coptic

Before being taken by Muslim armies, what was the vernacular culture of syria?

Aramaic or Semitic

Arab christian kingdom from syria that allied with byzantines until they were taken down by the muslim army

Ghassanids

Arab christian kingdom from syria that allied with Sassanians until they were taken down by the muslim army

Lakhmids

there was no overarching poitica authority in arabia except in

Petra Palmyra and Yemen

what system did ancient arabians use instead of a government?

Tribes

What was mecca before the rise of Islam?

A pagan religious shrine or Haram

How was security and social order maintained in ancient arabia?

threat to be removed from tribe, people could not survive alone

What does the word Quran mean?

Recite

What kingdom was in Petra?

Nabatean

Aspects that made islam travel through arabia quickly

common language

How did the nabatean kingdom of petra and palmyra in syria become governments despite no other political authroity being succesful in the middle east?

They happened to be positioned near caravan routes and were influenced by greco roman culture

challanges in spreading islam

arabs were very independent, participation in society was optional, power was not linked to wealth,

what changes in meccan society contributed to the rise of islam?

trade passing through that led to the growing wealth of some families over others

what clan was muhammad born into?

the hashimites

what tribe was muhammad in?

Quraysh

what was the most dominant clan in mecca during muhammad’s life?

Abd shams

what clan did the umayyads emerge from?

Abd Shams

What month did the first revelation occur during?

Ramadan

How did islam threaten the meccan society?

monotheism threatened the haram, and the economic standing of clans that benefitted the most the the status of the haram

Hijra

Migration of Muhammad’s clan to medina, symbolizing allegiance to and freedom to practice islam

Five pillars of islam

shahada, zakat, salat, Ramadan, Hajj

There is no god but Allah and muhammad his messenger

Shahada

giving alms to the poor as a purification of the soul

Zakat

five prayers a day

salat

fasting during the ninth month

ramadan

pilgrimage to the grand mosque in mecca

hajj

what is the name of the opener of the quran"?

Al-fatiha

What woman is mentioned in the quran?

Mary

in 622 AD Muhammad made the Hijra to

Medina

Over the decades prior to muhammad’s ministry, the near east was dominated by the byzantine and what other empire?

Sassanid Persia

the leading clans of meca were all members of what tribe?

Quraysh

how was the qur’an revealed to muhammad?

Over many years

Muslims believe Muhammad was

the final prophet

Who was the first caliph of the rashidun period?

Abu Bakr

who were the first four caliphs or successrs the prophet muhammad?

Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali

when was the rashidun?

from 632 to 661

who believes that Muhammad chose his cousin and son in law Ali to be his successor?

the Shiite

who believes that Muhammad did not choose a successor and therefor they were free to elect from the Ulama, Abu Bakr

the Sunni

Islamic scholars that guide congregations in their religion

Ulama

who was murdered which triggered the civil war that ended the rashidun period?

Uthman, the third caliph

Who assasinated Ali because he agreed to negotiate with their enemies the Mu’awiyya

the Kharjites

What kind of rule did the Umayyads have?

Dynastic

When did the Umayyads rule?

661-750

what city were the muslims unable to conquer during the umayyad’s expansion?

Constantinople

What group made the dome of the rock?

The umayyads

where was the dome of the rock?

Jerusalem

what consecrates muhammad’s journey from mecca to heaven?

Dome of the rock

Who made the dome of the rock?

caliph abd al-malik

how did Caliph Abd al-Malik expand the authority of the caliphal state?

He developed standard currency, made arabic the administrative language, and stamped out rebellion

Who overthrew the Umayyads?

The abbasid family

Why did the abbasid family claim to overthrow the umayyads?

because of favoritsm towards ethnic arabs over persians

where did al-Mansure move the caliphate?

Baghdad

which family gave the ulama more power?

The Abbasids

place in baghdad where from 754 to 775 where the abbasid caliphs encouraged Muslis t study sciences and bring knowledge from other places

house of wisdoms

caliph who supported the house of wisdom and liked astronomy

al-mamun

What model did the Abbasids follow to create worldy authority

the persian model

Who gave non arab muslims rights

The abbasids

when was the siege of baghdad by the mongols?

1258

what era was ended by the siege of baghdad

goden age of islam

umayyad calips governed their territories from

Baghdad

the ulama are

the religious scholars of islam

how did abd al-malik change the nature of governance in the umayyad caliphate?

his rule led to centralization of political and administrative structures