(PP. 26-31) Literature S3: Later Career and Literary Legacy → Chapter 2 (ACADEC '25-'26)
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Would Fitzgerald ever recapture his early financial success after The Great Gatsby?
No
Would any of Fitzgerald's works after The Great Gatsby reach the same acclaim?
No
What was Fitzgerald's first stint?
A full-time screenwriter
How did Zelda feel in comparison to her husband?
She felt overshadowed
What was Zelda's outlet for her creative energies?
Ballet
When did Fitzgerald and Zelda move to France after Zelda took up ballet?
1928
What did Fitzgerald and Zelda do when they moved back to France in 1928?
Scott worked on his 4th novel and Zelda on her dance lessons
Were Zelda or Fitzgerald successful in their endeavors after moving back to France in 1928?
No
When did Zelda have her first acute mental breakdown?
1930
Where did Zelda receive treatment for her first acute mental breakdown?
A Swiss hospital
When did Zelda receive treatment for her first acute mental breakdowns?
1931
What would Zelda's hospitalization in 1931 be the start of?
Hospitalizations and setbacks that would last the rest of her life
What would Fitzgerald do to continue to pay for Zelda's hospital bills?
He churned out short fiction and tried once more to make a career out of screenwriting in Hollywood
What was Fitzgerald and Zelda's lifestyle described as in the 1920s?
Itinerant lifestyle
What was Fitzgerald and Zelda's 1920s lifestyle a product of?
Their youthful energy and relentless pursuit of new forms of entertainment
What in-patient hospitals was Zelda treated at?
Baltimore, Maryland, and Asheville, North Carolina
Where did Fitzgerald rent homes when Zelda was being treated in the U.S.?
Montgomery, Los Angeles, Asheville, and Baltimore
In what city did Fitzgerald finish Tender Is the Night?
Baltimore
Who published Tender Is the Night?
Fitzgerald
What was Fitzgerald's 4th novel?
Tender Is the Night
When was Tender Is the Night published?
1934
Did Tender Is the Night sell less than The Great Gatsby?
Yes
What did some reviewers of Tender Is the Night say about it, besides those that loved it?
That it was a pale imitation of Fitzgerald's earlier work
Who said that "[n]o two reviews were alike" about Tender Is the Night?
John Chamberlain
What newspaper did John Chamberlain work for?
The New York Times
What can the lack of a critical consensus sometimes signal?
A misunderstood masterpiece or an experiment that will only be appreciated in time
What led Tender Is the Night to not have much of an impact?
The critical uncertainty
By what year had Fitzgerald's reputation had declined significantly from his heyday in the early 1920s?
1934
What writer was chief among those who had outshone Fitzgerald in the eyes of literary critics in the 1930s?
Ernest Hemingway
What did many of Fitzgerald's former friends and fellow writers do after his reputation declined in the 1930s?
They avoided him or publicly mocked him
Who was occasionally quite hard on Fitzgerald in public and private, despite frequently encouraging Fitzgerald?
Ernest Hemingway
Did Fitzgerald take part in public bashing of major writers/
No
What veered into embarrassment in Fitzgerald's later years?
His excessive partying
What did Fitzgerald begin doing in 1936 that embarrassed him?
He began publishing a series of autobiographical essays for Esquire detailing his "crack-up"
What magazine did Fitzgerald write for in 1936?
Esquire
When did Fitzgerald write for Esquire?
1936
Who later collected and edited Fitzgerald's Esquire essays?
Edmund Wilson
Who was Edmund Wilson?
Fellow friend and writer of Fitzgerald
What did Fitzgerald's Esquire essays generally do, instead of eliciting sympathy?
Gave off the impression that Fitzgerald, for all his talent, was now a lonely and embarrassing has-been trying to recapture the glory days
What put the final touches on the image Fitzgerald created after his Esquire essays?
He gave an interview to Michael Mok of the New York Post
What newspaper did Michael Mok work for?
New York Post
How did Michael Mok present Fitzgerald in his interview?
A washed-up drunk
What did Fitzgerald's answers seem like in his interview with Michael Mok?
More self-pitying than introspective
How did Michael Mok describe Fitzgerald in the opening paragraph of his published interview?
A poet-prophet of the post-war neurotics
What occasion happened a day before Fitzgerald's interview with Michael Mok?
His 40th birthday
Where did Fitzgerald spend his 40th birthday?
His bedroom in the Grove Park Inn
What did Fitzgerald spend his 40th birthday doing?
Trying to come back from the other side of Paradise, the hell of despondency in which he has writhed for the last couple of years
How was Fitzgerald physically suffering during his 40th birthday?
The aftermath of an accident eight weeks ago when he broke his right shoulder in a diver from a 15-foot springboard
How many weeks before his interview with Michael Mok did Fitzgerald get into an accident?
8 weeks ago
What did Fitzgerald hurt in his accident before his interview with Michael Mok?
His right shoulder
How did Fitzgerald hurt his right shoulder in his accident before his interview with Michael Mok?
A dive from a 15-foot springboard
How long was the springboard Fitzgerald got hurt on?
15 feet
What happened to his right shoulder in an accident before Fitzgerald's interview with Michael Mok?
He fractured it
Who photographed a middle-aged Fitzgerald?
Carl Van Vechten
When did Carl Van Vechten photograph a middle-aged Fitzgerald?
1937
What did the pain from Fitzgerald's fractured arm not account for on his 40th birthday?
His jittery jumping off and onto his bed, his restless pacing, his trembling hands, his twitching face with its pitiful expression of a cruelly beaten child
Where was there a bottle of alcohol that Fitzgerald frequented on his 40th birthday?
A drawer in a highboy
Where did Fitzgerald pour his bottle of alcohol on his 40th birthday?
Into a measuring glass behind his table
What would Fitzgerald do every time he poured himself a drink on his 40th birthday?
He would look appealingly at the nurse and ask, "Just one ounce?"
Why did Mok take advantage of Fitzgerald when he was clearly ill?
He and his editors knew a negative portrayal would be more popular than a balanced or empathetic one
Where was Zelda when she and Fitzgerald were effectively estranged?
She was permanently residing in long-term care facilities
What was the presentation of Fitzgerald on Mok's interview described as?
Cruel and unfair
How was Fitzgerald viewed after he was no longer taken seriously as a writer?
A quaint artifact from a time period that, to Americans reeling from the effects of the GD and the increasing violence in Europe, seemed naive and childish
When did Fitzgerald move back to Hollywood after his career ended?
1937
What did Fitzgerald do in Hollywood after he moved back after his career ended?
Attempt to become a screenwriter one more time
What one credit did Fitzgerald receive as a screenwriter?
The Three Comrades
Who was credited in The Three Comrades?
Fitzgerald
When was The Three Comrades created?
1938
Was Fitzgerald able to make enough money to live somewhat comfortably after his career ended?
Yes, from his screenwriting
Who would Fitzgerald fall in love with in his later years?
Sheila Graham
Who was Sheila Graham?
A young journalist
What was Fitzgerald's final work of fiction called?
The Last Tycoon
Was The Last Tycoon unfinished?
Yes
What is The Last Tycoon about?
An incisive look at the hypocrisies and complexities of America's obsession with the movie industry
When did Fitzgerald die?
1940
How did Fitzgerald die?
A heart attack
When would The Last Tycoon be published?
1941
How was The Last Tycoon published?
By Edmund Wilson posthumously
How old was Fitzgerald when he died?
44
What took a toll on Fitzgerald that led to his death?
His lifetime of excessive drinking and frequent bouts of tuberculosis
How many short stories would Fitzgerald leave behind?
180
How many novels did Fitzgerald leave behind?
5, 1 of those being published posthumously
What people was Fitzgerald not seen as an equal of when he died?
Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, Willa Cather, or John Dos Passos
Who championed Fitzgerald's writings after he died?
Friends and colleagues like Max Perkins, Edmund Wilson, and Dorothy Parker
Who helped cultivate and preserve Fitzgerald's reputation within the academic world?
Biographers and scholars like Scott Donaldson, Arthur Mizener, and Matthew J. Bruccoli
What has become one of the most widely researched and hotly debated relationships in literature?
Fitzgerald's marriage to Zelda
What writers that overshadowed Fitzgerald at the time of his death have been largely forgotten by the average reader?
Sinclair Lewis and John Dos Passos
What feeling did critics argue Fitzgerald possessed a unique ability to capture?
Longing, or of being hopelessly committed to something that is always eluding our grasp
What does Fitzgerald seem to have a keen sense of?
Fundamental longing and striving that exists at the heart of America’s ideas about itself
Who said: “For Gatsby, divided between power and dream, comes inevitably to stand for America itself”?
Lionel Trilling
Who said: “Ours is the only nation that prides itself upon a dream that gives its name to one, ‘the American dream’”?
Lionel Trilling
What, paraphrased, did Lionel Trilling say about Fitzgerald?
He could create characters who represented the most important moral concerns of the nation
What characters in The Great Gatsby have Fitzgerald in them?
Nick Carraway and Jay Gatsby
What overwhelming power was Fitzgerald no stranger to?
Dreams
What was Fitzgerald always very transparent about?
Mining his life for material
What is The Great Gatsby because it took from Fitzgerald’s life?
Both a compelling fictional story and a haunting exploration of some of the most powerful and enduring themes of Fitzgerald’s own life
Who narrates The Great Gatsby?
Nick Carraway
Who is Nick Carraway in The Great Gatsby?
An affluent Midwesterner who, after serving in WWI and finding himself “restless” back home, sets out for the East Coast and a career in finance
What career does Nick Carraway seek when he moves to the East Coast in The Great Gatsby?
A career in finance, specifically bond business
What was a conscious choice by Fitzgerald in The Great Gatsby?
That the judgements and interpretations are Nick’s, and accordingly reflect both his subjectivity and personal values