BIO_CH_11_&_12.4_Vocab

Binary fission

a cell replicates its DNA and then divides in half to produce two identical cells

Cancer

disorder in which some of the body’s cells lose the ability to control cell growth (stem cells)

Centromere

region of a chromosome in which the two sister chromatids attach

Chromosome

thread like structure of DNA and protein that contains genetic information; in eukaryots they are found in the nuculis; in prokaryots they are found in the cytoplasm (genetic material)

Chromatin

consists of DNA coiled around histones

Chromatid (sister chromatids)

parts of duplicated chromosomes

Cell cycle

series of events in which a cell grows

Crossing-over

when pieces of homologues structure is exchanged

*portions of chromatids break off & reattach to adjacent chromatids on homologous chromosome*

Diploid

a cell that contains more than one type of homologues cell (mitosis)

Gamete

sex cell (meiosis)

Haploid

cell that only contains one type of genies (also meiosis)

Karyotype

micrograph of the complete diploid set of chromosomes

Tetrad

*each pair of homologous chromosomes*

* *Orient themselves so corresponding genes are adjacent to each other*

pairs of four chromosomes

Cleavage Furrow

in animals, cell membrane begins to pinch in middle

Cell plate

in plants, *cell plate* forms when vesicles from Golgi join at midline to separate the two daughter cells. Last part of cytokinesis in plants.

\
This is what you had, not sure it’s correct. (pairs is duplicated chromosomes that aren’t genetically identical)

Homologous chromosomes

pairs are duplicated chromosomes that aren’t genetically identical

Metaphase plate

where chromosomes line up at the center of the cell

Mitotic spindle

“grabs” onto duplicated chromosomes and pulls them apart

Polar bodies

3 of the 4 products in Development of Gametes. Eventually used for follicle in ovary

Somatic cell

body cells

Tetrad

pairs of four chromosomes

Formula for Surface Area

(Length x Width) x 6

Formula for Volume

(Length x Width x Height)

Formula for Ratio of Surface Area to Volume

Surface

________

Volume

Prophase

genetic material inside the nucleus condenses and the duplicated chromosomes become visible

Metaphase

the centromeres of the duplicated chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

Anaphase

the chromosomes separate and move along spindle fiber to the opposite ends of the cell

telophase

the chromosomes which were distinct and condensed begin to spread out into a tangle of chromatin

Cytokinesis

As part of the process the cell membrane pinches forming the cleavage furrow. The process of cell division completes by dividing the parent cell into two daughter cells also forming the cleavage furrow.

Prophase I

DNA coils to form chromosomes

\-Spindle fibers appear, nucleolus & nuclear membrane disappear

\-Chromosomes begin lining up w/ their homologues

**Synapsis:** pairing of **homologous** chromosomes; doesn’t occur in mitosis

Metaphase I

tetrads line up randomly along metaphase plate

\- Spindle fibers from poles attach to centromere of each homologue

Anaphase I

sister chromatids move toward opposite pole of cell

\-Each homologous chromosome consists of 2 chromatids attached at centromere

\-**Independent assortment:** random separation of homologous chromosomes; results in more genetic variation

\
the chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cells.

Telophase I

once the chromosomes move to the poles cytokinesis begins.

Cytokinesis I

produces two new cells each with one chromosome from each homologues pair.

Prophase II

spindle fibers form and begin to move chromosomes toward the middle of the cell.

Nuclear membrane will break down again if it formed after telophase I

Metaphase II

chromosomes move toward the middle of the cell.

Anaphase II

chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell.

Telophase II

nuclear membrane forms around the chromatin.

Cytokinesis II

cytoplasm divides resulting in 4 non-identical, haploid sex cells.

G1 phase

Cell Growth Phase - It begins when mitosis is complete and ends when DNA replication begins.

\
First Step of Interphase.

S phase

DNA is synthesized as chromosomes are replicated.

\
Second step of Interphase.

G2 phase

Preparation for mitosis. Many of the molecules and cell structures required for cell division are produced; usually this is the shortest phase of the cell cycle.

\
Thirds step of Interphase.