Shri Sudharshan Lavanya Vijayarajan Chapter 1: What is Biotechnology
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52 Terms
What is the definition of Biotechnology?
Biotechnology is the use of living organisms, cells, or biological systems to develop products and technologies for various applications, including medicine, agriculture, and industry.
What are three traditional Biotechnology products?
Yogurt, bread, cheese
What are two examples of modern biotechnology products?
Therapeutic drugs, enzymes in laundry detergents.
When did the modern biotechnology industry begins?
Rapid expansion since the 1970s
When did early humans begin selectively breeding plants and animals?
Around 10,000 years ago.
When was wine first invented?
Wine was first invented around 6,000 BC in ancient Mesopotamia.
Who developed brewing and cheese-making? When?
Ancient civilizations such as the Sumerians and Egyptians developed brewing and cheese-making.
What was the first antibiotic used? What culture? When?
Moldy soybean curds were used by the Chinese back in 500 bc
Who developed the first smallpox vaccine? When?
Edward Jenner develops first smallpox vaccine in 1796
Who discovered proteins?
Jons Jakob Berzelius discovers proteins
When was the origins of species published?
1859 by Charles Darwin
When was pasteurization first developed?
Louis Pasteur developed pasteurization in 1861
When did Mendel establish the principles of genetics?
1865
Who developed the first rabies vaccine? What year?
Loius Pasteur developed rabies vaccine in 1885.
When did the term “biotechnology” first appear in print?
Teh term biotechnology appears in print for the first time in 1919
Who discovered penicillin? What year?
Alexander Fleming discovers Penicillin in 1928
Who discovered DNA as the carrier of genetics information?
Oswald Avery in 1943
When was the double-helix structure of DNA discovered?
Watson and crick describe the double-helix structure of DNA
When was mRNA discovered?
In 1961
When was the gene first completely synthesized?
1971
When was recombinant insulin produced? By which company?
1973 by Humulin
When was DNA fingerprinting first used?
1984
When were the first genetically modified tobacco plants grown?
1986
When was the first human genome project to be launched?
in 1990
When was the first cloned mammel? What year?
Polly the sheep became first cloned mammel in 1997
When was golden rice developed?
1999
When was the first human genome project completed?
2003
When was the first HPV vaccine approved?
2006
When was the first self-replicating bacteria cell
2010
When was CRISPR-CAS9
2012
When were the mRNA vaccines first used?
2013
What are the different sectors of biotechnology?
Biological Research, healthcare, agriculture, manufacturing.
What are the key techniques in biotechnology?
Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Genetic Engineering
What is the ethical consideration around biotechnology?
Equity, Safety, Long Term Safety
What are the tools in biotechnology?
Whole Cells, DNA, RNA, Proteins
What are two key instruments in biology?
Spectrophotometers for light absorption and PCR machines for DNA replication.
What is Chromatography?
It sorts DNA
What is gene transfer?
It is a delivery system
What is Protein Purification?
FInal Protein
What is a spectrophotometer?
an instrument used to measure the intensity of light transmitted through a sample across different wavelengths
What is PCR?
amplify
What are the key concepts behind using biotechnology in national defense?
Biosurveillance
Which company was the founding biotechnology company? What was their first product?
Genentech and their first product was protropin
What is the difference between biotech pharmaceutical industries?
Biotech innovates new drugs, while Pharmaceutical manufactures drugs.
Who are the key users of biotechnology?
Biopparmaceuticals and Personalized Medicine
What is genomics?
The branch of molecular biology concerned with the structure, function, evolution, and mapping of genomes
What is proteomics ?
The study of all protein expression.
What is precision medicine ?
Precision medicine is treatment to an individual’s genetic-profile.
What happens during drug discovery phase of drug development ?
First testing in-vitro, then in lab animals
What happens during phase I clinical trials ?
Tens of volunteers are used for testing safety over the course of 3 to 6 months,
What happens during phase II clinical trials ?
Hundreds of volunteers are used for the effectiveness of the testing over the course of 1 to 2 years.
What happens during phase III clinical trials ?
Thousands of volunteers are used to confirm the results of the testing over the course of an addition 1 to 4 years.