HG quizzes and assignments

chromosomes

Threadlike structures made up of DNA.

DNA

a complex molecule that has a double helix shape, like a spiral staircase that contains genetic information.

Genes

The units of hereditary information are short segments of DNA. They help to reproduce themselves and to manufacture the proteins that maintain life.

Monozygotic twins 

Develop from a single zygote that splits into two genetically identical replicas, or identical twins.

Dizygotic twins

Occurs when two eggs are fertilized by different sperm, creating two zygotes that are genetically no more similar than ordinary siblings, called fraternal twins.

mutated genes

Developed by chance events, a mistake by cellular machinery, or damage from an environmental agent such as radiation.

genotype

a person's genetic heritage; the actual genetic material.

-type of genes or genes

phenotype

the way an individual's genotype is expressed, observed

-physical and behavioral traits

dominant gene

the one gene of a pair that exerts its effects and overrides the potential influence of the other gene.

recessive gene

the one gene of a pair that does not exert its effects or potential influence.

down syndrome

a form of intellectual ability caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21

Sex-Linked Chromosomal Abnormalities

the presence of an extra chromosome, either X or Y, or the absence of one X chromosome in females.

infertility

the inability to conceive a child after 12 months of regular intercourse without contraception

Pre-Frontal Cortex

the part of the frontal lobe that occupies the front anterior and is involved with processes like sustained attention, working memory, planning, decision making, and emotional regulation.

id

the biological self that blindly pursues the fulfillment of physical needs or instincts. It is irrational and is driven by the pleasure principle

ego

begins to develop as cognitive and physical skills emerge. It is rational, realistic, sensible, self-protective and is driven by the reality principle

superego

is the "internalized parent" that causes one to feel guilt if his behavior deviates from parental and societal restrictions.

Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory

A theory of personality development that and its complex functioning adulthood

Erikson's Personality Theory

A theory of development that explains the psychosocial aspects of behavior, attitudes, and feelings toward the self and toward others through eight stages.

Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory

A theory of development that emphasizes a child's reasoning and understanding emerging naturally in stages. It is believed that parents & educators can help by allowing children freedom to explore their environment.

Classical Conditioning

A process by which a change in behavior occurs when a neutral event or stimulus is associated with a stimulus that causes an automatic response. As a result the neutral stimulus causes the person to make the sam automatic response.

Operant Conditioning

The process by which a person learns to produce a formally random behavior (or operant) in response to a cue because the behavior was previously reinforced.

Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Theory

A developmental theory that accounts for the many levels of influence the environment can have on an individual.

According to Freud, the adult personality functions as if there were three personalities, or aspects of personality, all potentially in conflict with one another.

true

According to Freud's Personality Theory which functions as irrational and is driven by the pleasure principle?

id

According to Freud's Personality Theory which functions as rational and is driven by the reality principle?

ego

According to Freud's Personality Theory which functions as the internalized parent?

superego

In Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development, the first five correspond to the age periods in Freud's psychosexual stages

true

In Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development, each stage the individual faces a ________________________.

crisis

Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory includes the following stages; sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

true

Piaget believed that _______________ should give their children the freedom to learn from their environment

parents and educators

Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory of Development consists of the following environmental systems.

macro, meso, exo, micro, and chrono

Bronfenbrenner described proximal processes as reciprocal interactions between persons, objects, and symbols in their immediate external environment.

true

A zygote contains 36 chromosomes.

false

epigenesis

the set of of processes by which factors outside of hereditary material in itself can influence how hereditary material functions.

epigenome

the full set of factors from the cell to the outside world, that controls the expression of hereditary material

coaction

Hereditary and environment are engaged from the beginning so that neither one ever causes any outcome on its own

genotype

type of genes or genes

phenotype

physical and behavioral traits

identical twins

monozygotic twins

dizygotic twins

fraternal twins

period of the zygote

about 2 weeks from fertilization to implantation

period of the embryo

from the 3rd to 8th week, when body structures and organ systems are forming.

period of the fetus

from the 9th week to birth, when the reproductive system forms, gains in body weight, and the brain and nervous system develop.

mutation

a change in the chemical structure of an existing gene. Can occur spontaneously or due to environmental influences.

teratogens

are environmental substances and agents that can harm the developing fetus.

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)

Children born on this spectrum can experience learning disabilities, language delays, memory problems, impulse control, hyperactivity, social understanding.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

a unique facial configuration with three especially likely characteristics: small eye openings, a smooth philtrum, thin upper lip along with cognitive deficits.

good stress

the efficient , acute activation and efficient turning off of the normal physiological stress response when one faces a challenge.

tolerable stress

a chronic physiological response, likely triggered by more serious and long-lasting threats such as losing a job, the chronic response is turned off eventually as coping mechanisms are utilized.

toxic stress

the inability to turn off the response and inability to use coping mechanisms to manage negative responses.

From the section in your book on depression, which statement about adolescent depression is not true?

Genes are not linked to adolescent depression

According to your reading sources, how common is suicide among adolescents?

it is the number one cause of death.

It is currently not as common as it was two decades ago.

None of these are correct.

None of these are correct.

Ray is 17 and has just come out that he is gay and is being cyber bullied. His friend, Paul, committed suicide last month. Ray is at:

higher than average risk of suicide.

All of the following are warning signs associated with adolescent suicide EXCEPT:

-sibling disputes and rivalries

According to the APA article, what are some steps you can take that would be helpful to an adolescent?

1. express your concern

2. listen without judgement

3. be compassionate

4. All of the above.

all of the above

emerging adulthood

The time period from about 18 to 30 years that is often an extended period of transition involving exploration of potential adult identities.

globalization

The process by which, as a result of international communication, transportation, and trade, countries around the world influence one another's lifestyle, economics, and culture, so that similarities among nations increase along with interaction.

young adult

The time period from about 18 to 25, which is characterized by the shift towards increasing independence and autonomy.

Knezevic and Marinkovic found that the _______ age group performed best on an inhibitory control task.

early 30s

The Postformal or 5th Stage of Thinking, characterizes a stage beyond Piaget's stages that describes the changes in ____________ thinking that might occur in the adult years.

logical

Schiaie's theory emphasized the importance of new roles, needs, and responsibilities in determining adult _____________________ functioning

intellectual

William Perry's Theory of Intellectual and Ethical Development examines the changes in thinking that characterize people as they transition to adulthood.

true

Karen Kitchener's Reflective Judgement Model includes seven stages about how people analyze a problem and justify their responses.

true

Adult Attachment Theory by ________________ and __________________ provides a useful framework for conceptualizing adult intimacy that explains the formation and nature of close interpersonal relationships.

bowlby and ainsworth

The Three Attachment Prototypes in Peer/Romantic Tradition are:

Avoidant, Anxious-Ambivalent, Secure.