APUSH Unit 2 Vocab

These are the concepts and vocabulary from period 2 that most commonly appear on the exam

Act of Toleration

"1649 Maryland law granting religious freedom to all Christians; protected Catholics from Protestant majority."

Anne Hutchinson

"Banished Puritan dissenter who challenged clerical authority and promoted antinomianism in Massachusetts Bay."

Bacon's Rebellion

"1676 Virginia uprising of frontier farmers against Governor Berkeley; exposed tensions between poor settlers and elites and accelerated shift to African slavery."

cash crops

"Labor-intensive staple crops like tobacco

City upon a hill

"John Winthrop’s vision for Massachusetts Bay as a model Christian community for the world."

Cotton Mather

"Influential Puritan minister known for promoting smallpox inoculation and supporting the Salem Witch Trials."

First Great Awakening

"18th-century religious revival emphasizing emotion

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

"1639 constitution establishing a representative government; considered one of the first written constitutions in America."

George Whitfield

"Dynamic English minister whose sermons spread revivalism across the colonies during the First Great Awakening."

Glorious Revolution

"1688 overthrow of James II; led to the English Bill of Rights and encouraged colonists to resist authoritarian rule."

Great Migration

"Movement of thousands of Puritans to New England in the 1630s seeking religious freedom and community."

Halfway Covenant

"Puritan policy allowing partial church membership to increase declining church participation."

headright system

"Land-grant system offering 50 acres per person brought to Virginia; encouraged immigration and plantation growth."

indentured servants

"Laborers bound by contract for years of service in exchange for passage; key labor source before widespread slavery."

James Oglethorpe

"Founder of Georgia as a buffer colony and haven for debtors; initially banned slavery and alcohol."

Jamestown

"Founded 1607; first permanent English settlement

John Rolfe

"English colonist who introduced tobacco cultivation in Virginia and married Pocahontas

John Winthrop

"Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay who promoted a theocratic society and the ‘city upon a hill’ ideal."

Jonathan Edwards

"Key First Great Awakening preacher known for ‘Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God’ and emotional revivalism."

Lord Calvert of Maryland

"Founder of Maryland as a haven for English Catholics; promoted religious tolerance."

Mayflower Compact

"1620 agreement establishing self-government among Pilgrims at Plymouth; early example of social contract."

mercantilism

"Economic theory advocating that colonies exist to enrich the mother country through controlled trade."

Metacom's War

"Also called King Philip’s War; Native resistance to English expansion in New England

Middle Passage

"Brutal transatlantic journey enslaved Africans endured as part of the triangular trade system."

Navigation Acts

"English laws restricting colonial trade to benefit Britain and enforce mercantilism."

Olaudah Equiano

"Former enslaved African whose autobiography exposed horrors of slavery and the Middle Passage."

Pequot War

"1630s conflict between New England settlers and Pequot; resulted in massacre and destruction of the tribe."

Pilgrims

"English Separatists who sought religious independence and founded Plymouth Colony in 1620."

Plymouth Colony

"Settlement founded by Pilgrims after the Mayflower landing; absorbed into Massachusetts in 1691."

Pocahontas

"Powhatan woman who helped Jamestown survive and married John Rolfe

Powhatan Confederacy

"Alliance of Algonquian tribes in Virginia interacting with early English settlers at Jamestown."

proprietary colonies

"Colonies granted to individuals or families by the Crown with significant governing autonomy."

Puritans

"Reform-minded Protestants seeking to purify the Church of England; founded Massachusetts Bay."

Quakers

"Pacifist

Roger Williams

"Founder of Rhode Island; advocated religious freedom

royal colonies

"Colonies directly controlled by the Crown with governors appointed by the king."

Salutary Neglect

"British policy of loose enforcement of colonial laws

Separatists

"Radical Puritans who completely broke from the Church of England

Stono Rebellion

"1739 South Carolina slave uprising; led to stricter slave codes and fear of future revolts."

tobacco farms

"Plantations in Chesapeake colonies reliant on enslaved labor and central to colonial export economies."

triangular trade

"Atlantic trade system linking Europe

Virginia Company

"Joint-stock company that funded the Jamestown expedition to profit from New World resources."

Virginia House of Burgesses

"1619 first representative assembly in colonial America; foundation of self-government."

William Penn

"Quaker founder of Pennsylvania who promoted religious tolerance

1492

Columbus’ First Voyage

1607

Jamestown

1649

Toleration Act

1688

Glorious Revolution

1692

Salem Witch Trials