Period 7A Knowt (1898-1930) - Mr. Paeth APUSH

Imperialism

The policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force, often to acquire territories or resources.

The Influence of Sea Power upon History

A book written by Alfred Thayer Mahan, published in 1890, which argued that a nation's greatness and prosperity depended on control of the seas and a strong navy.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

A United States Navy officer and historian who wrote extensively on naval strategy and the importance of sea power in his book The Influence of Sea Power Upon History.

Hawaiian Islands

A group of islands in the central Pacific Ocean, annexed by the United States in 1898.

Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst

Two newspaper publishers known for sensational and often exaggerated reporting, contributing to the rise of yellow journalism.

U.S.S. Maine

A U.S. naval ship that exploded and sank in Havana Harbor, Cuba, in 1898, an event that helped lead the US into the Spanish-American War.

Spanish-American War

A conflict in 1898 largely over the independence of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.

Theodore Roosevelt

The 26th President of the United States from 1901–1909, known for his assertive foreign policy and domestic progressive reforms.

Rough Riders

A volunteer cavalry regiment, led by Theodore Roosevelt, famous for their role in the Spanish-American War and which made Roosevelt a war hero.

William McKinley

The 25th President of the United States (1897–1901), who oversaw over the Spanish-American War and the annexation of Hawaii.

Treaty of Paris, 1898

The peace treaty signed between the United States and Spain, officially ending the Spanish-American War and creating an American empire.

Platt Amendment

An amendment to the Cuban constitution, demanded by the United States as a condition for withdrawal of American troops from Cuba after the Spanish-American War, which gave the U.S. significant control over Cuban economic and political affairs.

Emilio Aguinaldo

A Filipino revolutionary leader who fought against both Spanish and American colonial rule in the Philippines.

Philippine Insurrection

An armed conflict between Filipino revolutionaries and the United States, following the Spanish-American War, over Philippine independence.

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the United States in 1899, aimed at ensuring equal access to China's markets for all foreign nations.

Progressivism

A political and social movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that advocated for reforms addressing social, economic, and political problems.

Muckrakers:

Journalists who exposed corruption, social injustices, and corporate abuses, often through investigative reporting.

Social Gospel

A movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that emphasized applying Christian principles to social problems, such as poverty and inequality.

Settlement Houses

Community centers in urban areas, typically run by middle-class reformers, that provided social services and educational programs to immigrants and the urban poor.

NAWSA

This group, by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, was a leading organization advocating for women's suffrage in the United States. Their main goal was a Constitutional Amendment.

National Woman’s Party

A women's suffrage organization formed in the United States in 1916, advocating for the passage of the 19th Amendment guaranteeing women's right to vote.

19th Amendment

An amendment to the United States Constitution ratified in 1920, granting women the right to vote.

Initiative

A political reform allowing citizens to propose legislation and submit it to the voters for approval.

Referendum

A political reform enabling voters to either accept or reject laws passed by their legislature.

Recall

A political reform permitting voters to remove elected officials from office through a direct vote before their term expires.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

A tragic industrial disaster in 1911 in New York City where a fire in a garment factory killed 146 workers, leading to improved factory safety regulations.

Muller v. Oregon

A landmark Supreme Court case in 1908 that upheld an Oregon law limiting women's work hours, marking a significant victory for labor laws aimed at protecting women.

Booker T. Washington

African American educator and leader who advocated for vocational education and economic self-reliance for African Americans, notably through the Tuskegee Institute.

W.E.B. DuBois

African American sociologist, historian, and civil rights activist who co-founded the NAACP and advocated for full civil rights and political representation for African Americans.

NAACP

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909, is one of the oldest and most influential civil rights organizations in the United States.

18th Amendment

An amendment to the United States Constitution ratified in 1919, prohibiting the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages, leading to the era of Prohibition.

Eugene Debs

A prominent American socialist and labor leader who ran for president five times as the Socialist Party nominee, advocating for workers' rights and social justice.

Socialist Party of America

A political party in the United States advocating for socialist policies and reforms, such as workers' rights, public ownership of industries, and social welfare programs.

Trust-Busting

The government's efforts to break up large monopolies and trusts, particularly during the Progressive Era, to promote competition and prevent unfair business practices.

The Jungle

A novel written by Upton Sinclair in 1906, exposing the harsh conditions and unsanitary practices in the meatpacking industry and leading to significant food safety reforms.

Upton Sinclair

An American author and muckraker known for his investigative journalism and novels exposing social injustices and corruption.

William Howard Taft

The 27th President of the United States (1909–1913) and later Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, known for his trust-busting efforts and role in advancing the Progressive movement.

Progressive Party or “Bull Moose” Party

A political party formed by Theodore Roosevelt in 1912, advocating for progressive reforms such as trust-busting, labor rights, and social welfare programs.

Woodrow Wilson

The 28th President of the United States from 1913–1921, known for his progressive domestic agenda and leadership during World War I. He also had a large role in establishing the League of Nations, even though the US did not join.

Federal Reserve Act of 1913

Legislation creating the Federal Reserve System, which established a central banking system in the United States to regulate the country's monetary and financial system.

Big Stick Diplomacy

A foreign policy approach associated with Theodore Roosevelt, emphasizing negotiation and peaceful resolution of conflicts but backed by the threat of military force.

Great White Flee

A nickname for the United States Navy battle fleet that completed a circumnavigation of the globe from 1907 to 1909, showcasing American naval power.

Roosevelt Corollary

An addition to the Monroe Doctrine in the age of empire, asserting the right of the United States to intervene in Latin American affairs to maintain stability and protect American interests.

Panama Canal

A canal built by the United States across the Central America, completed in 1914, providing a shortcut for maritime trade between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Dollar Diplomacy

A foreign policy approach associated with President William Howard Taft, using economic investment and financial leverage to extend American influence in Latin America and East Asia.

Moral Diplomacy

A foreign policy approach associated with President Woodrow Wilson, advocating for the promotion of democracy and human rights in international relations.

Pancho Villa

A Mexican revolutionary leader who led a rebellion against the government of President Porfirio Díaz and later engaged in cross-border raids against the United States.

Lusitania

A British ocean liner sunk by a German submarine in 1915, killing 1,198 passengers and crew, including 128 Americans, contributing to the entry of the United States into World War I.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

A military strategy used by Germany during World War I, involving the sinking of merchant and passenger ships without warning, ultimately leading to the United States entering the war.

Zimmerman Telegram

A secret diplomatic communication intercepted by the British in 1917, revealing Germany's proposal to Mexico to ally against the United States in exchange for territory, prompting American entry into World War I.

Selective Service Act

Legislation passed in 1917 authorizing the conscription of men into the military for World War I.

American Expeditionary Force

The U.S. military forces sent to fight in Europe during World War I under the command of General John J. Pershing.

Liberty Bonds

Government bonds sold to finance the United States' involvement in World War I, promoted through patriotic appeals and used to raise funds for the war effort.

War Industries Board

A United States government agency established during World War I to coordinate the production of war materials and ensure efficient use of resources.

Food Administration

A United States government agency established during World War I to oversee food production and distribution, implement food conservation measures, and promote voluntary rationing.

Great Migration

The movement of African Americans from the rural South to urban areas in the Northern United States starting 1916 and 1970, seeking better economic opportunities and fleeing racial discrimination.

Committee on Public Information

A U.S. government agency established during World War I to promote pro-war propaganda and shape public opinion in support of the war effort.

Espionage and Sedition Acts

Laws passed by Congress during World War I to suppress dissent and anti-war sentiments, restricting freedom of speech and press.

Schenck v. United States

A landmark Supreme Court case in 1919 upholding the constitutionality of limitations on free speech during wartime if the speech presents a clear and present danger to national security.

Fourteen Points

President Woodrow Wilson's principles for peace negotiations to end World War I, aimed at preventing future conflicts through principles such as self-determination and the establishment of a League of Nations.

League of Nations

An international organization established after World War I to promote collective security, peace, and diplomacy among nations, although the United States did not join due to opposition in the Senate.

Treaty of Versailles

The peace treaty signed in 1919, which formally ended World War I. The US never ratified this treaty due to fear to being pulled into another war.

Henry Cabot Lodge

A prominent Republican senator from Massachusetts who was a leading advocate for the expansion of American naval power and a vocal opponent of the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations.

Irreconcilables

A group of U.S. senators, mostly Republicans, who opposed the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations, believing that American involvement in international affairs threatened national sovereignty.

Reservationists

A group of U.S. senators, led by Henry Cabot Lodge, who supported the Treaty of Versailles with modifications, particularly in regards to the League of Nations, and sought to ratify the treaty with certain edits.

Race Riots

Violent outbreaks of racial conflict, often involving attacks by white mobs on African American communities, which occurred in the years after World War I as tensions heightened with troops returning home from the war and competition for jobs in cities.

Marcus Garvey

A Jamaican-born political leader and activist who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated for black nationalism and economic self-sufficiency for African Americans.

Red Scare

A period of intense anti-communist hysteria and fear of radicalism in the United States, particularly after World War I and during the early 1920s, marked by government crackdowns on suspected radicals and immigrants.

Palmer Raids

A series of raids conducted by the U.S. Department of Justice under Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer in 1919 and 1920, targeting suspected radicals and immigrants, particularly anarchists and communists.

Sacco and Vanzetti

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants and anarchists who were convicted and executed in 1927 for the murder of two men during a robbery in Massachusetts. Their case became a symbol of injustice and anti-immigrant prejudice in America.

Normalcy

A term coined by Warren G. Harding during his 1920 presidential campaign, referring to a return to normal conditions and stability after the upheaval of World War I and the Progressive Era.

Welfare Capitalism

A system of labor relations in which employers provide various benefits and amenities to workers, such as pensions, health care, and recreational facilities, as a means of fostering loyalty and reducing labor unrest.

Margaret Sanger

An American birth control activist and founder of the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood. Sanger advocated for women's reproductive rights and access to contraception.

Flappers

A term referring to young women in the 1920s who defied traditional norms of behavior and dress, often characterized by their short hair, short skirts, and embrace of new social freedoms and attitudes.

Lost Generation

A term coined by writer Gertrude Stein to describe a group of American writers and artists who came of age during World War I and expressed disillusionment with the values and culture of their time, including authors like Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald.

Ernest Hemingway

An American novelist and short story writer known for his terse prose style and portrayal of the "lost generation" of disillusioned expatriates in Europe, as seen in works such as "The Sun Also Rises" and "A Farewell to Arms."

F. Scott Fitzgerald

An American novelist and short story writer known for his depiction of the Jazz Age and the lives of the wealthy elite in novels such as "The Great Gatsby."

Harlem Renaissance

A cultural and intellectual movement in the 1920s centered in a New York City borough, involving African American artists, writers, musicians, and intellectuals who celebrated black culture and heritage through their work.

Al Capone

A notorious American gangster and bootlegger who rose to prominence during Prohibition, becoming the most powerful mob boss in Chicago through organized crime activities such as bootlegging, gambling, and racketeering.

Speakeasies

Illegal establishments that sold alcoholic beverages during Prohibition, often hidden behind unmarked doors and requiring a secret password for entry.

National Origins Act

A U.S. immigration law passed in 1924 that severely restricted immigration by establishing quotas based on nationality, particularly targeting immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe and virtually banning immigration from Asia.

Religious Fundamentalism

A 1920s religious movement, that advocated for strict adherence to traditional religious beliefs and practices, in response to perceived threats from modernity and secularism.

Scopes Trial

Also known as the "Monkey Trial," a highly publicized legal case in 1925 in which a high school teacher was charged with violating a Tennessee law prohibiting the teaching of evolution in public schools.

Warren G. Harding

The 29th President of the United States from 1921–1923, whose administration was marked by corruption scandals but also saw the beginning of a return to conservative policies and isolationism after World War I.

Teapot Dome Scandal

A political scandal during the Harding administration involving the secret leasing of federal oil reserves in Wyoming, to private oil companies in exchange for bribes and kickbacks.

“The Business of America is Business”

A phrase associated with President Calvin Coolidge, reflecting his belief in the primacy of the free market and business interests in American society and politics.