Ch 20

Theodore Roosevelt

The 26th President of the United States from 1901–1909, known for his assertive foreign policy and domestic progressive reforms.

Progressivism

A political and social movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that advocated for reforms addressing social, economic, and political problems.

Muckrakers

Journalists who exposed corruption, social injustices, and corporate abuses, often through investigative reporting.

Social Gospel

A movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that emphasized applying Christian principles to social problems, such as poverty and inequality.

Settlement Houses

Community centers in urban areas, typically run by middle-class reformers, that provided social services and educational programs to immigrants and the urban poor.

NAWSA

This group, by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, was a leading organization advocating for women's suffrage in the United States. Their main goal was a state-by-state and more moderate appraoch.

National Woman’s Party

A women's suffrage organization formed in the United States in 1916, advocating for the passage of the 19th Amendment guaranteeing women's right to vote. They took a more aggressive approach to get a Constitutional Amendment passed, and used arrests, hunger strikes, and picketing.

19th Amendment

An amendment to the United States Constitution ratified in 1920, granting women the right to vote.

Initiative

A political reform allowing citizens to propose legislation and submit it to the voters for approval.

Referendum

A political reform enabling voters to either accept or reject laws passed by their legislature.

Recall

A political reform permitting voters to remove elected officials from office through a direct vote before their term expires.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

A tragic industrial disaster in 1911 in New York City where a fire in a garment factory killed 146 workers, leading to improved factory safety regulations.

Muller v. Oregon

A landmark Supreme Court case in 1908 that upheld an Oregon law limiting women's work hours, marking a significant victory for labor laws aimed at protecting women.

Booker T. Washington

African American educator and leader who advocated for vocational education and economic self-reliance for African Americans, notably through the Tuskegee Institute.

W.E.B. DuBois

African American sociologist, historian, and civil rights activist who co-founded the NAACP and advocated for full civil rights and political representation for African Americans.

NAACP

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909, is one of the oldest and most influential civil rights organizations in the United States.

18th Amendment

An amendment to the United States Constitution ratified in 1919, prohibiting the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages, leading to the era of Prohibition.

Eugene Debs

A prominent American socialist and labor leader who ran for president five times as the Socialist Party nominee, advocating for workers' rights and social justice.

Socialist Party of America

A political party in the United States advocating for socialist policies and reforms, such as workers' rights, public ownership of industries, and social welfare programs.

Trust-Busting

The government's efforts to break up large monopolies and trusts, particularly during the Progressive Era, to promote competition and prevent unfair business practices.

The Jungle

A novel written by Upton Sinclair in 1906, exposing the harsh conditions and unsanitary practices in the meatpacking industry and leading to significant food safety reforms.

Upton Sinclair

An American author and muckraker known for his investigative journalism and novels exposing social injustices and corruption.

William Howard Taft

The 27th President of the United States (1909–1913) and later Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, known for his trust-busting efforts and role in advancing the Progressive movement.

Progressive Party or “Bull Moose” Party

A political party formed by Theodore Roosevelt in 1912, advocating for progressive reforms such as trust-busting, labor rights, and social welfare programs.

Woodrow Wilson

The 28th President of the United States from 1913–1921, known for his progressive domestic agenda and leadership during World War I. He also had a large role in establishing the League of Nations, even though the US did not join.

Federal Reserve Act of 1913

Legislation creating the Federal Reserve System, which established a central banking system in the United States to regulate the country's monetary and financial system.