1.2 Language of Anatomy, Anatomical Position, & Body Cavities (copy)

superior (cranial)

toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body (above)

inferior (caudal)

away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body (below)

ventral (anterior)

toward or at the front of the body (in front of)

dorsal (posterior)

toward or at the back of the body (behind)

medial

toward or at the midline of the body (on the inner side of)

lateral

away from the midline of the body (on the outside of)

intermediate

between a more medial & a more lateral structure

proximal

closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

proximal

closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

superficial (external)

toward or at the body surface. ex-skin

deep (internal)

away from the body surface (more internal). ex-organs

flexion

closing of a joint (bending). Angle of joint gets smaller.

extension

opening of a joint (straightening)

abduction

movement away from midline.

adduction

movement towards midline.

dorsiflexion

flexion superiorly occurring at the subtalar (ankle) joint (movement of the toes “up)

plantarflexion

flexion inferiorly occurring at the subtalar (ankle) joint (movement of the toes “down”)

radial deviation

lateral movement of the wrist towards the radius (thumb side)

ulnar deviation

medial movement of the wrist towards the ulna (pinky side)

pronation

rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly or rotation of the ankle so the sole of the foot faces laterally.

forearm; posteriorly; ankle; laterally

in pronation: rotation of the _______ so that the palm faces ______ or rotation of the ____ so the sole of the foot faces ______.

supination

rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly or rotation of the ankle so the sole of the foot faces medially.

forearm; anteriorly; ankle; medially

in supination: rotation of the _____ so that the palm faces ______ or rotation of the ______ so the sole of the foot faces _______.

superiorly; subtalar (ankle); up

in dorsiflexion: flexion _______ occurring at the _______ joint (movement of the toes “____”)

inferiorly; subtalar (ankle); down

in plantarflexion: flexion _____ occurring at the _____ joint (movement of the toes “_____”)

supinated

hands are ____ in anatomical position

elevation

upward movement of a structure

depression

downward movement of a structure

retraction

movement of a structure to be drawn in the posterior direction (drawn backward)

posterior; backward

in retraction: movement of a structure to be drawn in the _____ direction (drawn ______)

protraction

movement of a structure to be drawn in the anterior direction (drawn forward)

anterior; forward

in protraction: movement of a structure to be drawn in the ____ direction (drawn _____)

lateral

in radial deviation: ______ movement of the wrist towards the radius.

medial

in ulnar deviation: _________ movement of the wrist towards the ulna

anatomical position

the medical reference point of a standard body position

• Body is vertical with feet slightly apart: looks like someone who’s standing at attention.

• Palms of hands & eyes face forward (in supination), & thumbs point away from the body.

• Palms face forward so that the bones in the forearm (radius & ulna) are uncrossed.

• Legs are shoulder width apart & toes face forward.

describe the body in anatomical position

vertical; apart; at attention

forward; supination; away;

forearm; radius & ulna; uncrossed

shoulder width apart; forward

in anatomical position:

Body is _____ with feet slightly ____: looks like someone who’s standing ____.

Palms of hands & eyes face _____ (in _____), & thumbs point ___ from the body.

Palms face forward so that the bones in the ____ (____ & ____) are ______.

Legs are ______ & toes face _____.

anatomical position

Directional terms used in A&P refer to the body as it’s in _____.

viewed; opposite

Right & left refer to those sides of the body (or patient) being ____, NOT those of the observer.

As the observer, it’s ______ of your own right & left.

in relation to

Anatomical position & directional terms allow us to explain where 1 body part is _____ another.

lateral

ears are ____ to the nose

axial & appendicular divisions/parts

The body can be divided into 2 regional divisions/parts: the __________

2 main divisions/regional areas of the body

axial & appendicular

axial division

• makes up the axis of the body & is found at the midline.

• includes the head, neck, spine, ribcage & trunk.

axis; midline

head, neck, spine, ribcage & trunk

axial division: makes up the _____ of the body & is found at the _____.

includes the _____, ____, ____, ____ & ____.

appendicular division

• consists of the appendages or limbs that are attached to the axis of the body (attached to the axial skeleton), such as the arms, legs, & the pelvic & pectoral (shoulder) girdles that serve as a point of attachment.

• Includes arms, pelvis, shoulders, & legs.

appendages; limbs; axis

arms, legs, pelvic, pectoral, point of attachment

appendicular division: consists of the ______ or _____ that are attached to the ____ of the body (attached to the axial skeleton), such as the ____, ____, & the _______ & _____ (shoulder) girdles that serve as a _____

arms, legs, pelvis, shoulders.

the appendicular division includes the ____, ____, _____, ______

planes; right angles; plane

The body can also be divided into sections, or _____: sagittal, frontal, & transverse _____, which lie at ______ to one another.

A section is named for the ______ along which it can be cut.

sagittal, frontal (coronal), transverse

3 planes of the body

sagittal

• a cut along a ______ plane results in a ______ section

• a vertical plane that divides the body into right & left sections.

vertical; right & left sections

A sagittal plane is a _____ plane that divides the body into ____ & ____ sections.

median plane or midsagittal plane

• A sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline

• divides the body into equal left & right sections

midline

median plane or midsagittal plane: lies exactly in the _____

divides the body into equal left & right sections

parasagittal plane

divides the body into unequal left & right parts.

unequal

parasagittal plane: divides the body into _____ left & right parts.

frontal (coronal) plane

vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) & posterior (back) sections.

vertical; anterior (front) & posterior (back)

frontal (coronal) plane: ____ plane that divides the body into ____ & ___ sections.

coronal

another name for frontal plane

transverse plane

• runs horizontally from right to left & divides the body into superior & inferior parts.

• A ______ section of the body is called a cross section.

horizontally; right to left; superior & inferior

cross section

transverse plane: runs ______ from ______& divides the body into _____ & _____ parts.

A transverse section of the body is called a _____.

cross section

A transverse section of the body

transverse

a cross section is a _____ section of the body

oblique sections

cuts made diagonally between the horizontal & vertical planes.

diagonally

oblique sections: cuts made ______ between the horizontal & vertical planes.

2 main body cavities

dorsal & ventral

dorsal & ventral

2 main body cavities

provide protection to the organs housed within them.

dorsal cavity

cavity that protects the nervous system organs (brain & spinal cord), which tend to be very fragile.

nervous system; brain & spinal cord; fragile

dorsal cavity: protects the ______ organs (___ &___), which tend to be very ___.

2 cavities within the dorsal cavity

cranial & spinal/vertebral

cranial & spinal/vertebral

2 cavities within the dorsal cavity

continuous

the cranial & spinal/vertebral cavities are ______ with each other

Cranial cavity

sits in the skull & houses the brain.

skull; brain

Cranial cavity: sits in the ___ & houses the _____.

Vertebral or spinal cavity

runs within the bony vertebral column & encases the spinal cord.

bony vertebral column; spinal cord

Vertebral or spinal cavity: runs within the ______ & encases the _____.

ventral body cavity

is anterior & the larger of the 2 body cavities.

above the diaphragm

Within the _____ cavity are the thoracic cavity & abdominopelvic cavity.

The _____ cavity houses the visceral organs.

ventral; thoracic; abdominopelvic; visceral

is anterior & the larger of the 2 body cavities.

Within the _____ cavity are the _____ cavity & _____ cavity.

The _____ cavity houses the ____ organs.

medical imaging devices

sectional

• Understanding the planes is important in using _______.

• Newer _________ create ______ images.

• Cross section of tissue looks very diff from the organ or body part from where it’s taken.

• Knowing how to cut the tissue is very important to understanding what you’re looking at in diagnosing disease.

different

Cross section of tissue looks very _____ from the organ or body part from where it’s taken.

nervous; brain & spinal cord

______ system organs in the dorsal cavity

2 cavities within the ventral cavity

thoracic cavity & abdominopelvic cavity.

thoracic cavity & abdominopelvic cavity.

2 cavities within the ventral cavity

thoracic cavity

• superior/upper portion of ventral cavity

• protected by the ribs & muscles found within the chest.

• further divided into the…

  • 2 Lateral pleural cavities: each contain 1 lung (L & R) & the…

  • Pericardial cavity: center portion; surrounds the heart.

• Also encloses the _____ organs (esophagus & trachea) & contains the pelvic region.

• Located in the mediastinum: a subsection of the _____ cavity situated between the pleural cavities. In the middle of the _____ cavity.

superior/upper portion; ventral

ribs; muscles; chest

thoracic cavity: ______ portion of _____ cavity

protected by the ____ & _____ found within the _____.

2 lateral pleural cavities & pericardial cavity; mediastinum

the thoracic cavity is divided into ____ & _____ located in the _______

2 Lateral pleural cavities

each contain 1 lung (left & right)

Pericardial cavity

center portion of thoracic cavity; surrounds the heart.

encloses the thoracic organs (esophagus & trachea) & contains the pelvic region.

located in the mediastinum: a subsection of the thoracic cavity situated between the pleural cavities. In the middle of the thoracic cavity.

1 lung each (left & right)

the 2 lateral pleural cavities contain _____

center; heart

esophagus & trachea; pelvic

mediastinum

the pericardial cavity:

is in the ____ portion of thoracic cavity; surrounds the ____.

encloses the thoracic organs (____ & ____) & contains the ____ region.

located in the ______: a subsection of the thoracic cavity situated between the pleural cavities. In the middle of the thoracic cavity.

esophagus & trachea

the thoracic organs are _____ & _____

the thoracic cavity organs

esophagus & trachea

mediastinum

a subsection of the thoracic cavity situated between the pleural cavities. In the middle of the thoracic cavity.

the pericardial cavity is located here

thoracic; pleural cavities

middle

pericardial

mediastinum: a subsection of the _____ cavity situated between the _____. In the ____ of the thoracic cavity.

the ______ cavity is located here

diaphragm

The thoracic cavity is divided from the abdominopelvic cavity by the ____

diaphragm

a dome-shaped muscle that is vital to the breathing mechanism.

divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

thoracic cavity; abdominopelvic cavity

the diaphragm dividies the _____ from the ____

dome; breathing

diaphragm: a _______- shaped muscle that is vital to the ____ mechanism.

Abdominopelvic cavity

inferior/lower portion of ventral cavity; has 2 parts: the abdominal cavity & pelvic cavity.

inferior/lower portion of ventral cavity; has 2 parts: the abdominal cavity & pelvic cavity.

Abdominopelvic cavity