Tectonic Hazards

the layers of the earth

crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

what is the crust made up of

solid layer of silica rock that is 8-65 km deep

what is the mantle made up of

semi solid molten rock that moves under the crust

what is the outer core made up of

liquid iron and nickel that is around 5500*C

what is the inner core made up of

solid iron and nickel that is around 6000*C

what way does a constructive plate margin move

apart from each other

what is a constructive plate margin

two oceanic plates being pulled apart by convection currents

how do constructive plate margins cause volcanic eruptions

magma forces its way to the surface and erupts, this forms shield volcanoes

what is an example of a constructive plate margin

the mid-atlantic ridge

what way does a destructive plate margin move

towards each other

what is a destructive plate margin

an oceanic plate subducting under a continental plate

how do destructive plate margins cause volcanic eruptions

the oceanic plate melts causing magma to rise to the surface, this forms composite cones

what is an example of a destructive plate margin

the andes

what way does a collision plate margin move

towards each other

what is a collision plate margin

two continental plates moving towards each other and crumpling into each other, this forms fold mountains

how do collision plate margins cause earthquakes

due to pressure building between the plates

what is an example of a collision plate margin

the himalayas

what way does a conservative plate margin move

in the same direction as each other or in opposite directions

what is a conservative plate margin

an oceanic and continental plate / two oceanic plates rubbing against each other

how do conservative plate margins cause earthquakes

friction and pressure building up between the two plates

what is an example of a conservative plate margin

the san andres fault

where is Iceland located

on the mid-atlantic ridge

how much energy is provided by geothermal energy in Iceland

25% of electricity and 90% of heating

why is geothermal energy popular

its cheap

why else do people live in Iceland

tourism provides jobs, the landscape is attractive, volcanoes are monitored

monitoring

using scientific equipment to detect warning signs of an event

remote sensing

satellites being used to detect heat and shape changes of a volcano

seismicity

monitoring underground activity near volcanoes

prediction

using historic evidence and monitoring to predict when and where a hazard will happen

protection

techniques used to help things withstand hazards

protection techniques for earthquakes

earthquake proof buildings, shock absorbers, automatic window shutters

protection techniques for volcanic eruptions

diverting lava flow with embankments and explosives

planning

strategies to organise and create responses

hazard map

identifying areas most at risk of a hazard to plan land use and evacuation routes

an example of education for earthquakes

drop, cover, hold