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Edema

An excessive amount of fluid in the interstitial compartment causing swelling or enlargement of tissue.

Causes of edema

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, loss of plasma proteins, obstruction of lymphatic circulation, and increased capillary permeability.

Pitting edema

A type of edema where a depression remains after pressure is applied to the swollen area.

Lymphatic filariasis

A disease caused by infection with nematodes from the family Filariodidea, leading to chronic conditions like lymphoedema and elephantiasis.

Hypernatremia

A condition caused by an imbalance of sodium and water, resulting in insufficient ADH leading to large volumes of dilute urine.

Fluid deficit

A condition characterized by insufficient body fluid due to inadequate intake or excessive loss.

Hyponatremia

Low sodium levels that cause fluid imbalances in compartments, leading to symptoms like fatigue and muscle cramps.

Calcium imbalance

A condition where the levels of calcium in the body are either too low (hypocalcemia) or too high (hypercalcemia) affecting various bodily functions.

Acidosis

An excess of hydrogen ions resulting in a decrease in serum pH, potentially impairing nervous system function.

Compensation mechanisms for pH imbalance

Physiological processes that occur to balance hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions in circulation, although they are usually limited and short-term.

Fluid homeostasis

The balance of fluids in the body, regulated by hormones and physiological mechanisms.

Edema vs. dehydration

Edema is swelling due to fluid retention, while dehydration is a deficit of body fluids.

Osmosis

The movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to one of higher solute concentration.

Sodium-potassium pump

A cellular mechanism that moves sodium out of and potassium into cells, essential for cellular function.

Anasarca

Severe and generalized edema that affects the entire body.

Third spacing

The accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space that is not available for use by the body.

Acute kidney injury and fluid balance

A sudden decrease in kidney function that can affect fluid balance and lead to fluid retention.

Electrolyte balance

The proper proportion of electrolytes (like sodium, potassium, and calcium) in the body to maintain normal physiological functions.

Fluid overload

A condition resulting from excessive fluid intake or retention, leading to edema and other complications.

Ascites

An accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, often caused by liver disease.

Hypervolemia

An increase in blood volume due to excess fluid in the circulatory system.

Cyanosis

A bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes resulting from inadequate oxygenation of the blood.

Oedema management

The treatment strategies employed to reduce edema, including diuretics and lifestyle changes.

Interstitial fluid

The fluid found in the spaces between cells, important for nutrient exchange.

Colloid osmotic pressure

The pressure exerted by plasma proteins that helps to keep fluid in the bloodstream and prevents edema.

Bicarbonate buffering system

A primary buffer system in the blood that helps maintain pH balance.

Fluid retention

The accumulation of water in the body, often leading to swelling or edema.

Respiratory acidosis

A condition caused by inadequate ventilation leading to an accumulation of carbon dioxide and a decrease in blood pH.

Chronic edema

Long-term fluid retention that can result from chronic conditions such as heart failure.

Oncotic pressure

The form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins in the blood, vital for keeping fluid within the vascular system.

Dehydration signs

Common indicators of dehydration include dry mouth, decreased urine output, and fatigue.

Hypovolemia

A state of decreased blood volume, often due to loss of fluid from bleeding or dehydration.

Fluid replacement therapy

The medical intervention of replenishing lost fluids to restore hydration and electrolyte balance.

Urinary retention

The inability to empty the bladder fully, which may lead to fluid overload and edema.

Diuretics

Medications that promote the excretion of water and electrolytes through urine, often used to treat edema.

Compartment syndrome

A serious condition resulting from increased pressure within a muscle compartment, which can compromise circulation.

Fluid shift

The movement of fluid between different body compartments, which can affect fluid balance.

Peripheral edema

Swelling that occurs in the extremities, often due to various medical conditions, like heart failure or kidney disease.

Bacterial infection and fluid balance

Infections can lead to fluid imbalances as the body reacts with inflammatory responses, potentially resulting in edema.

Impaired renal function

A condition where the kidneys cannot effectively filter waste and regulate fluid balance, contributing to edema.

Nutrition and fluid status

Proper nutrition is critical for maintaining fluid balance, as deficiencies can lead to increases in edema.

Hypervolemic hyponatremia

A condition that occurs when there is an excess of fluid in the body leading to dilution of sodium levels.

Refeeding syndrome

A dangerous condition that can occur when feeding a malnourished patient too quickly, causing fluid and electrolyte imbalances.