Mary I

Tudor 30 markers

why did Mary win the throne in 53

• dudley mistakes and unpopular (the greedy duke)

• legitimate TUDOR

• 1544 succession act

• religion, she seemed moderate with her august proclamation

• tactics (framingham castle)

to what extent was England a protestant country by the death of E6

• beliefs of monarch → PROT

• law/doctrine → PROT

• beliefs of wider population, less impact. E6 only ruled for 6 years, lot of change and little fuss but everyone willing to go back with Mary. Wyatt’s - maybe more protestant than previously thought.

• appearance/physics change → iconoclasm, communion tables, BUT vestments

Stephen gardiner, bishop of Winchester

• close w/ Norfolk family

• secretary to Wolsey, supported royal supremacy but disagreed with further religious changes

• promoted 6 articles

• opposition to Somerset

• willing to restore pope 1554

• thought M should marry EC not philip

• 1555 died → disagreed w/ burnings so these increased after his death

proclamation of religion, 16th august

• catholic

• won’t strictly enforce

• want people to quietly follow suit

• avoid radicalism and disorder

• main concern: rebellion

Mary’s religious aims

• undo changes since 1529

• restore papal authority

• restore traditional catholic practises (transubstantiation etc)

• re-establish religious houses

• end clerical marriage

• secure longterm future for catholicism by marriage and heirs

• persecute those who dont agree

1st statute or repeal 1553

• repealed act of uniformity 1552

• returned all religious legislation to 1547 when act of 6 articles was enforced.

• no public outcry

removal of protestant clergy

• 7/26 bishops deprived of their positions by march 1554, 4 due to marriage

• Cranmer, Ridley, Hooper and Latimer imprisoned and later burned

• 800 of lesser clergy deprived of station

• norwich, 40/243 lesser clergy deprived but reinstated if they denounced their wives.

• 800 went into exile

royal injunctions 1554

• Protestant bishops removed

• bishops had to remove married clergy from office

• suppress heresy

• only ordain clergy under the English ordinal

• restore catholic traditions

• gardiner → purge of married clergy (1/4)

arrival of cardinal pole 1554

• finally arrived in England to restore papal authority

• delay = concerns w/ his safety?

• sentence of excommunication lifted

• pole faced no opposition

second act of repeal, nov 1554

• ended royal supremacy, restored papal authority

• abolished all religious legislation passed against papacy since 1529 in H8s reign

• Mary still supreme head of CofE

• crown returned the monastic land they owned (£60,000)

restore of heresy laws 1555 (second attempt)

• leading protestants tried for heresy, being found guilty and executed. 1st burning @ stake (Feb 4th 1555, John rogers, translator)

• April 1554, parliament rejected heresy law, 1555 compromise (M agreed to drop restoration of church lands)

• Gardiner n Philip against it

death of gardiner

• removed restraining influence on Mary

• his death led to increase in persecutions

• some 274 executions in the last 3 years of her reign

• Mary believed it was her duty to remove heresy.

the persecution of protestants 1555

• 800 fold

• 274 executed

• 4 martyrs

• 51 women burnt

• most in south east

• Marys popularity damaged

factors hindering catholic restoration

• brevity of reign

• pole unfamiliar with realm

• poles scheme to overhaul church finance (pensions to clergy and poor benefices) required 18-month long surveys

• pope Julius III died, Paul IV was anti-habsburgs, didnt get on with pole

• failed to utilise potential of literacy and printing (outnumbered 2:1)

PERSUASION - improving standards of clergy

1. Pole encouraged visitations to check finances/discipline of clergy

2. LDN synod 1555 drew up 12 decrees, against absenteeism and other abuses

3. Pole commissioned new publications to help clergy (new Catholic New Testament, new book of homilies). Never had much chance to be implemented

4. Pole believed in clerical education. (visitations reports, seminaries in cathedrals, cathedral schools (durham and York etc)). 1556 → Nicholas ormenetti helped found trinity @ Cambridge and St John @ Oxford.

PERSUASION - censorship and suppression of protestant word

• two of Marys earliest procs → banned printing of seditious rumours

• index of writers banned by gov. by end of reign possession resulted in death penalty

• 19,000 copies of 1552 prayer book in circulation!

• Latimer/ridley wrote pamphlets in prison which made it outside.

• protestant pamphlets: marian = 2:1

PERSUASION - propaganda

• number of sermons were sponsored @ St Pauls cross in LDN. Gardiner announced reconciliation w/ Rome there Dec 1554

• Pro-gov writers such as Miles Hogarde (London hosier) published texts in defence of the regime (displaying of the protestants 1556)

PERSUASION

overall fialed

probably only ½ as many printers left as many protestant printers left

persecution

burning from feb 1555+

John rogers, biblical translator

274 burnt

evidence for lack of opposition to the burnings

• big public spectacles, attracting large crowds

• execution of Christopher wade in dartford in July 1555 to the delight of fruiterers.

• giving their lives to a good cause?

• parliament passed Heresy laws

• no open rebellion

opposition to burnings

• John foxes acts and monuments 1563 ‘they wept and cried out “God save you”’.

• Simon regard letter to P feb 1555 ‘cruel enforcement’ ‘may well cause a revolt’ ‘queen might be in peril’

• account of burning of John Hooper ‘in every corner there was nothing to be seen but weeping and sorrowful people’

• JPs had letters sent to them by gov to put pressure to enforce heresy laws.

• Martyrdom

Simon Renard

• great influence over Mary

• initially urged her to acknowledge LJG

• Wyatt’s - told her to stay in lDN

• thought E should be feared - thought M should recognise her as heir

• helped marriage happen

• opposed to burnings

• didn’t want MQoS on throne (FR)

• recalled early 1556

who should M marry? (EC)

• Edward Courtenay: 25, great grandson of E4. Imprisoned w/ gardiner during E6.

• Support of the PC

• Englishman!

• but Marys subject? rivalry at court?

Who should Mary marry? (P)

• Philip of Spain, son of CV. 26yo. Son from previous marriage (fertile).

• Devout catholic

• Alliance w/ habsburgs

• supported by Simon renard/CV

• foreigner… England dragged into war? xenophobia.

• Same level as Mary.

key dates w/ M’s marriage

1st oct 53 → coronation

27t oct 53 → M informed council of P

16th nov 53 → faced deputation of 20 members of commons to dissuade her

late nov 53 → Wyatt plot begins

7th dec 53 → marriage treaty presented to council

18th jan 54 → reported French fleet off normandy coast.

21st Jan 54 → Courtenay told gardiner of role in wyatts

25th jan → rebellion began

7th feb 54 → Wyatts arrived in LDN, fialed

19th July → P arrived in England, w/ his own household staff

25th July → married!

marriage treaty → favourable?

• alliance w/ spain

• Philip accept lawful heir if Mary died w/out child

• he shall take no jewels/ships/guns out of England

• renewed defences of the realm

• to respect England’s peace w/ FR

• BUT England would help Spanish Netherlands by sending 6000 men if FR invaded them.

opposition to match

• Wyatts

• gardiner

• FR plots?

• Xenophobia

• but seems to have little impact on the governing of the PC, didnt take place until 12 months after M had been on the throne

JOINED WAR 1557 against France, LOST CALAIS (had it for over 200 years)! managed to win St Quentin.

‘female rule was a serious problem in the 1550s’ HFDYA

1) marriage

2) foreign policy

3) faction at court

Wyatts causes

1) marriage → TIMING OF REBELLION. plan to marry E to EC

2) religion → IN Kent?John proctor stressed this at request of the gov. Mary wanted to portray them as heretics, and punish them as such. BUT Wyatt used marriage to gain support.

3) economic motives → decline in kent cloth trade, rising unemployment. BUT list of trades of rebels >30.

4) factional → all had lost their influence under M. Wanted to reclaim position?

Wyatts

• Sir James croft (Herefordshire)

• Sir Peter Crew (West Country)

• Duke of Suffolk (LJG dad, Midlands)

• Thomas Wyatt (Kent)

Planned a 4 pronged attack, only Wyatt succeeded, raising 3000 men in kent (close to LDN). Many royal troops deserted to rebellion.

Overly cautious Wyatt gave M time to prepare. Destroyed in LDN. Fewer than 100 executions to stop further revolt.

Suffolk, LJG and Guildford were executed.

M’s popularity peaked! Anti-Spanish sentiment rose after war.

Failed due to lack of popular support and EC, forcing early Wyatts during winter.

John Proctor

Roman Catholic

Kentish schoolmaster (eyewitness)

Writer for the gov.

Stressed religious motives over marriage as cause of Wyatts. told what to say.

how successful was M governing England?

• PC utilised more for daily running of gov

• 1553, N’s advisors expelled, but retained many of E6’s experienced administrators (Paget eg)

• restored gardiner and others. PC increased to 50

• 1555 P helped establish. inner council (9 men)

• specialised committees set up to increase efficiency

• took advice from outsiders (renard)

• factional rivalry between Paget and Gardiner

• but generally, M had the support of most! on marriage AND declaration of war.

• Made significant attempts to make revenue collections more efficient by transferring more money to the exchequer.

Mary trade

• marriage should have increased English access to americas, no.

• her gov encouraged trade w/ Morocco and guinea coast (cloth for gold)

• good relations w/ merchants, increasing customs rates and add commodities in new book of rates (E benefited)

• Plans to revalue coinage but died.

Marys parliament

M had strong support from the higher clergy in House of Lords

Both houses cooperated w/ administration

Marys finance

• gave away more crown lands to reestablish monastic foundations

• 1554, exchequer restored as main financial department.

• plan to remove debased coinage

• 1558 new book of rates, increased customs revenue from 29k to 85k a year

• 1555 → full survey of crown lands, entry fines raised 1557.

faction?

• rare for all councillors to be present

• committees est.

• inner council est.

• Philips departure and gardiners death in 1555 allowed Paget to dominate and est. conciliar form of gov.

• G vs P → marriage, heresy laws, only passed once P and supporters let it

• Pole → M went to him and renard, didnt trust her council.

NO evidence of it causing inefficiency

succession of 58 → instability?

• will of H8 followed, E not challenged

• M had established women could rule, married or not.

• PC had to encourage M and she never named her.

• M unable to convince E to maintain catholicism.

ultimately stable.