HG Unit 3: Population and Migration

Migration

the permanent move to a new location.

Pull Factors

factors that motivate people to move into a new location.

Population

the number of inhabitants living in an area.

Refugee

a person who has been forced to migrate from their home and cannot return for fear of death.

Crude Birth Rate

 the total number of live births per 1,000 people in a region for a year.

Immigration

migration to a new location.

Voluntary Migration

the migrant has chosen to move.

Demography

the study of population characteristics.

Population Pyramids

a graphical representation of the population structure of an area, including the gender and age groups.

Emigration

migration from a location.

Crude Death Rate

the total number of deaths per 1,000 alive people in a region per year.

Push Factors

factors that motivate people to move out of their current location.

Overpopulation

population exceeds the resources of a region.

Population Density

the population divided by the land area.

Thomas Malthus

Wrote: An Essay on the Principle of Population, says “world’s pop. is growing faster than food supply

Chain Migration

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.

Ecumene

areas on Earth’s surface with permanent human settlements.

Demographic Transition Model

shows the process that occurs when a society’s population is changing.

Forced Migration

the migrant has been compelled to move.

What is Australia’s population density?

3 per km^2

What is USA’s population density?

9\.4 per km^2

What is China’s population density?

39. 7 per km^2

What is Japan’s population density?

89\.9 per km^2

Population Cartogram

Maps that display countries by population not by actual land size

Which type of countries have higher populations?

LDC’s

Where 2/3 of the pop. is located

East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia and Western Europe

What is Asia’s population?

4\.436 Billion

What percent of land is 1/2 the world’s pop. on?

10%

What regions have 1/2 of the world’s pop.?

East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia

What fraction of the world pop. is in East Asia?

1/5

Where is it most concentrated in East Asia?

Tokyo, Osaka, and Seoul

East Asia

China, Japan, Korean Peninsula, Taiwan

South Asia

India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka

What fraction of the world pop. is in South Asia?

1/5

Where is it most concentrated in East Asia?

West Pakistan to Bay of Bengal along Ganges River

Southeast Asia

Indonesia, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia

Where is it most concentrated in Southeast Asia?

Java, Philippines, and deltas and river valleys of Indochina

How does Southeast Asia live?

Mostly rurally

What fraction of the world pop. is in Europe?

1/9

What fraction of Europe lives in the cities?

3/4

Where is it most concentrated in Europe?

coalfields of England, Germany, and Belgium

What is the percentage of farmers in Europe?

What percentage do population clusters makeup of the world pop.?

2%

Where/what are population clusters?

Northeastern US/SE Canada, Urban dwellers

What % do the dry lands makeup of the Earth’s surface?

20%

Where do dry lands lie?

between 15 and 50 degrees north latitude and 20 and 50 degrees south latitude

What are some of the dry lands?

Sahara, Arabian, Thar, Taklamakan, Gobi, and Australian deserts

How do people adapt to the dry lands?

Pastoral: Raising Camels or other animals suitable to the desert, Irrigation for small farming, OIL: areas become populated due to importance of this resource

Where do the wetlands lie?

Near Equator between 20 degrees North and South Latitudes: South America, Central Africa, and Southeast Asia

What happens to the oil in wetlands?

Over abundance of rain and heat deplete nutrients in the soil

How do people adapt to the wetlands?

Rain season in Southeast Asia, Rice flourishes, Large population supported by this cereal grain

Where are the highlands?

Switzerland, Latin America and Africa

What % of Switzerland’s pop. lives above 3,300 ft?

5%

What are the cold lands?

Polar regions, DRY but Continuously covered in ice, Few plants, animals, or people

Environmental Determinism

Any climactic or geographic hindrance to humans, such as deserts or mountains

Possibilism

Any situation where humans conquer their environment, such as through building roads through arid land or establishing radical settlements in hospitable conditions

What is the Natural Increase Rate?

1\.2%

How many people are added to the Earth annually?

89 million

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

The percentage of population growth in one year

What is the NIR in MDC’s

.1%

What is the NIR in LDC’s?

2\.4%

Doubling Time

Number of years it takes to double a population

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years (15-49); predicts future

Where is the IMR higher?

Africa

Where is the IMR lower?

Western Europe

What do mortality rates show?

Shows quality of Health Care System

Life Expectancy

Measures the average number of years a newborn can expect to live

Do women or men live longer?

Women

Is life expectancy going up or down worldwide?

Going up

How many stages are in the Demographic Transition Model?

4 real stages w/ 5th stage as predictions

What DT stage was the longest?

DT Stage 1

What did people live as in DT Stage 1?

Hunter-gatherers

Features of DT Stage 1

Domesticated plants and animals, Stable food source, permanent settlements, Population grew

What kept people in DT Stage 1?

War, Disease, Famine

When did DT Stage 2 start?

around 1750 CE (AD)

DT Stage 1

Population is unchanged for years

DT Stage 2

CDR falls, CBR constant (difference causes rise in pop.)

2 causes for rise in pop in DT Stage 2

Industrial Revolution and Medical Revolution

When was the Industrial Revolution?

1750

What was the Industrial Revolution?

improvements in industrial technology, Created mass wealth, Healthier Communities Sewers and sanitation increased, Agricultural production more efficient, Feed more people, More people could work in industry, Moved Europe and North America to stage 2

When was the Medical Revolution?

1950

What was the Medical Revolution?

Medical technologies of Europe and North America reached Africa, Asia, and Latin America (ex: immunization), Moved them into stage two, Lowered causes of death, Healthier lives

DT Stage 3

Crude Death Rate (CDR) continues to fall, Crude Birth Rate (CBR) begins to fall (NIR becomes moderate)

What countries first entered DT Stage 3?

Europe and North America

What countries recently entered DT Stage 3?

Most of Asia and Latin America

What caused DT Stage 3?

Social Change

DT Stage 4

Zero Population Growth (ZPG), CBR roughly equals CDR (equilibrium) Result: Total Fertility Rate does not produce population change over a long term

What is the TFR in DT Stage 4?

around 2.1 (must be lower if high migration into area)

What caused DT Stage 4?

Social Change

DT Stage 5

Crude Death Rate higher than Crude Birth Rate

What countries are beginning to start DT Stage 5?

Russia and much of Eastern Europe

What is DT Stage 5 a result of?

Communism (pollution to increase industry causing rising death rate, Extreme family planning by government and insecurity with economy lead to low birth rates)

What caused DT Stage 3?

Extreme desire to center on career and recreation leads to desire to have 1 child family average rather than 2

What is the “Graying” of the MDC

¼ of government expenditures on Social Security, geriatric healthcare, etc. for elderly (nursing homes)

What is “Graying” of the MDC result of?

Increasing services for senior citizens (senior only neighborhoods), Increasing political influence of this age group

How did people control under population?

Pronatalist Policies: policies that encourage childbirth, Extended paid maternity leave, Tax credits for children Flexible hours at work for parents, Free or heavily subsidized daycare, Cash payout to have children…this happens in Japan and Russia)

What can overpopulation be equated with?

Conditions of life

What are the 3 types of migration?

Mobility, Circulation, Seasonal Mobility

What is Mobility Migration?

all types of movement from one location to another

What is Circulation Migration?

short-term repetitive movements, more job based