Review Sheet Exam #3

central sulcus

divides the cerebrum into frontal and parietal lobes (front and back portion)

longitudinal fissure

splits brains into left and right hemispheres, running along the midline.

4 lobes + deep region

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

insula

cranial nerve II: optic

vision cranial nerve

cranial nerve I: olfactory

responsible for the sense of smell.

cranial nerve X: vagus

innervates abdominal and thoracic cavities

sensory information to epiglottis

coughing swallowing and voice production

cranial nerve III: oculomotor

controls eye and upper eyelid muscles

medial superior inferior rectus

inferior oblique

cranial nerve IV: trochlear

controls the superior oblique muscle of the eye

cranial nerve VI: abducens

controls the lateral rectus muscle of the eye

cranial nerve V: trigeminal

pain touch and thermal sensation to face scalp and oral cavity, ophthalmology maxilary and mandibular branch

cranial nerve VII: facial

controls muscles of facial expressions and provides taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, sensory sensation to external ear

cranial nerve VIII: vestibulocochlear

hearing and balance

function of cerebrum

integration center

cerebelllum

control of voluntary skeletal muscle control and responds to proprioception (constant sensory feedback)

diencephelon

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

epithalamus

pineal gland which produces melatonin and regulates sleeping cycles

thalamus

relay center to and from spinal nerves and cerebrum for sensory and motor information.

hypothalamus

controls ANS, satiety, thirst centers, major hormonal secretions, thermoregulation, pituitary gland

brain stem

midbrain: relay center from cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord

Pons: apneustic and pneomotoxic areas, relay center between cerebrum and cerebellum

medulla oblongata: heart and respiratory rate

basal nuclei

putamen, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus

corpus striatum

caudate nucleus and putaman

emotional brain

limbic system

reticular formation

network of neurons that maintains conciousness

corpus callosum

white matter that anchors cerebral hemispheres to each other to communicate

septum pellucidum

separates lateral ventricle into two chambers

function of blood brain barrier

acts as selective membrane to prevent toxins in the blood from entering the brain

components of autonomic reflex arch

sensory stimulus, afferent pathway, intergration center, efferent pathway, effectos

effectors controlled by ANS vs not controlled by ANS

ANS controls involuntary effectors like smooth and cardiac muscle and glands

SNS controls voluntary skeletal muscle

what is an EEG and what does it measure

electroencephalogram measures activity of cerebral cortex

types of brain waves

beta: person is awake only, sensory input, mental activity

delta: deep sleep

theta: emotional stress

hemispheric lateralization

one side of the brain is dominant

can tell by handwriting

2 main neurotransmitters of ANS

norepinephrine

acetylcholine

cholinergic receptors types

nicotinic and muscarinic

axon length and divergence

sympathetic/thoracolumbar: preganglionic short axons and postganglionic long axons

parasympathetic/craniosacral: pregnaglionic long axons and postganglionic short axons

largest autonomic plexus

celiac or solar plexus

falx cerebri

connective tissue between lobes of cerebrumfalx cerebelli

falx cerebelli

connective tissue between lobes of cerebellum

tentorium cerebelli

connective tissue between cerebrum and cerebellum

meningeal layers

dura mater- double layered in brain

arachnoid mater

pia mater

blood supply to and from brain

deliver: carotid and vertebral arteries

drain: jugular vein

chromaffin cells

found in adrenal glands

responsive to nicotinic receptors

nicotine

secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

b1 adrenergic receptors

activate heart muscle to increase rate and force of contractions

b3 adrenergic receptors

found in brown adipose tissue where their activation makes heat

dual innervation

an effector that is innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic division

CSF function

transports oxygen, glucose and nutrients from blood to neurons

lateral ventricles

fluid filled cavities found in each hemisphere of cerebrum

septum pellucidum

separates lateral ventricles

choroid plexus

vascular network lined with ependymal cells which produce CSF and drain into ventricles

CSF flow

Lateral ventricle → third ventricle → fourth ventricle → subarachnoid space → arachnoid villi

broca’s area

functional area of speech

wernicke’s area

functional area of language

SNS vs PSNS: secretion of glucagon and digestive enzymes

SNS: promotes secretion of glucagon and inhibits secretion of digestive enzymes

SNS vs PSNS: force and rate of cardiac contractions

SNS: increases

PSNS: decreases

SNS vs PSNS: urination

SNS: inhibits

PSNS: promotes

link to video explaining the differences

https://www.google.com/search?safe=strict&sca_esv=2e08a6d3b8f5b541&rlz=1C1RXQR_enUS977US978&sxsrf=ADLYWIL3rIPXt38nZXKJ2njkwnkExVpP8w:1732078432820&q=effects+of+sympathetic+and+parasympathetic+nervous+system&tbm=vid&source=lnms&fbs=AEQNm0BglSNKPbDQcL4Et01QEIYvJ5VGsHgUL_tsKqYywhWXkknveTpaLEIQiU02u5i1FK60ElrIW9FFtqgEnQbUPTP1v5PQAzhf1Y13Kdv-jba_5gxhg0vDqZDkhJc6r3gAp6AjEH3uQGUsTlbW9bCqWbU_KQmLRMpSvMOHQImtns6Bjg8mdovUCIgSWlsLlCl7eMPas0SlDN3m17qUidJPA2sLM55w-g&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPh9j9juqJAxUAF1kFHQo4DpcQ0pQJegQIFBAB&biw=1600&bih=732&dpr=1.2#fpstate=ive&vld=cid:2d97ba6a,vid:NRRBVMFTSWI,st:0