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What is the most significant influence on the distribution of organisms on land?
climate
What are the 4 components of climate?
temperature, rain, sunlight, and wind
At what degree latitude does the sun have more heat per unit surface area?
23.5 north latitude and 23.5 south latitude
Intense solar radiation near the equator initiates
a global pattern of air circulation and percipitation
At what degrees latitude (north and south) does air masses rise and release abundant precipitation?
around 60 degrees
At what degree latitude does tropical deciduous forest (wet and dry land) grow?
20 degrees north and south latitude
Which action influences the abiotic components of an organism's environment?
water pollution
Which aspects of a region's climate have the most impact on plants and animals?
temperature and moisture
Which location on Earth receives the most solar radiation per unit area?
the equator
What are the two major factors determining the distribution of terrestrial biomes?
temperature and rainfall
Which of these is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth?
coniferous forest
What is organismal ecology?
the study of the structure, physiology and behavior in relation to the environment
What is population ecology?
the study of the amount of individuals of a particular species in a certain area
What is community ecology?
the study of how species interact in a community (prediation, competition)
What is the distribution for tropical rainforest?
equatorial and subequatorial regions
What is the distribution for deserts?
occurs in bands near 30 north and south latitude
What is the distribution for coniferous forest?
a broad band across north america and eurasia
What is the distribution for temperate forest?
mainly in midaltitude in northern hemisphere
Describe the tropical forest biome.
constant rainfall, high year-round temperatures, canopy
Describe the desert biome.
low precipitation, temperature depends daily on the season
Describe the coniferous forest biome.
cold winters hot summers, animals in this biome contain moose and bears, droghts re common
Describe the temperate forest biome.
significant amount of rainfall for all seasons, canopy, cold winters hot summers
What are examples of biotic factors?
competitors, predators, and disease
What are examples of abiotic factors?
temperature, soil, water and sunlight
What are the five rules for predicting regional climate?
solar radiation heats the earths surface unevenly
Global convection cells form
The Earth spins causing the Coriolis effect
Wind pushes into water which causes ocean gyers
seasonality, topography, and geography
Where do the tropic easterlies wind direction occur?
0-30 degrees
Where do the tropic westerlies wind direction occur?
30-60 degrees
What is clumped dispersion?
individuals group together in patches; most common pattern due to habitat factors
Why do deserts occur at 30 N and S latitude?
because of the descending air mass in the region; as air descends its temperature increases and humidity levels decline making rain less likely
Where do temperate broadleaf forest occur and why?
on eastern margins of continents due to the movement of warm, moist air masses moving from east to west longitudinal direction
What is uniform dispersion?
individuals are evenly spaced; usually behavioral; territoriality
What is random dispersion?
unpredictable spacng; rare
What is the variable for rate increase per capita?
r
If a population is growing
r > 0
If a population is declining
r < 0
How do you calculate the per capita.
# of individuals/ the number of species scaled
Rate of change equals
rate of change = gain rate (births) - loss rate (deaths); per capita mesurement needed first
Population Growth increment equals
G (growth increment) = rN (rate of increase)(population size); use this to find the number of individuals added to the population per unit time
What does density dependent regulation mean?
death rate rise and birth rates fall with rising density (negative feedback)
What does density independent regulation mean?
birth or death rate does not change with population density; death rates not related to population size
What does carrying capacity mean?
maximum population size that a particular environment can support; not fixed; changes with the environment; speices, environment, and habitat dependent
A logistic growth graph is represented as
an s curve
A exponential growth graph is represented as
j curve
The Logistic growth model is
density dependent and factors in K; The per capita rate of increase declines as carrying capacity is approached
hypothetical continent
Global air patterns map
Note
Flashcard