CLCIV 101 Final

Alcibiades

( 450 - 404 BCE): Athenian nobleman who persuaded assembly to embark on the Sicilian expedition, a well-connected man often associated with controversy, was banished from Athens many times, switched sides during the Peloponnesian War from Athens to Sparta and back to Athens, latter helped by his infusion of Persian money, murdered in Thrace, fleed after being accused of the mutilation of the herms

Nicias

(470 - 413 BCE): Athenian general who brokered a temporary peace between Athens and Sparta and subsequently helped lead the Sicilian expedition, a disastrous attempt by Athens to invade Sicily.

Xenophon

continued on Thucydides history after Thucydides died

Demosthenes

Built the base at Pylos where Cleon ended up taking control,

Gylippus

Spartan general that led his force to victory in the Sicilian expedition

Thales

(580's) "Father of Western Philosophy". First Ionian Enlightenment thinker, Greek philosopher who taught that the universe had originated from water. Studied the flow of the Nile, made money by predicting an olive harvest, calculated the height of the pyramids, predicted an eclipse.

Anaximander

(550's) Believed that the universe was made of the Infinite(apeiron), the Infinite is made up of 4 things (hot, cold, wet, dry), believed we evolved from fish, provided a mechanical theory of the cosmos (cylinder earth, and rings)

Anaximenes

(520's) Everything is air

Pythagoras

Pythagorean Theorem, mathematical music, the kosmos was made of the Unlimited(bad) and the Limited(good), vegetarian, "spark" is the soul of a body

Heraclitus

(495-475) Last big Ionian thinker, Pre-Socratic, Greek philosopher who said that fire is the origin of all things, permanence is an illusion as all things are in perpetual flux

Anaxagoras

(456) Pre-Socratic, theorized that science can explain phenomena attributed to myths, everything was originally one, pure mind(nous) separates things, everything has a little bit of everything else in it.

Parmenides

Pre-Socratic, our senses trick us into thinking things change when everything is actually stable, denied the existence of time, plurality, and motion. NO Change.

Zeno

(490-430) Pre-Socratic, change is illusionary, paradoxes of Zeno

Empedocles

(492-432) Greek who stated that all matter was composed of 4 elements: earth, air, fire, & water

Democritus

(460-380) A Greek philosopher who theorized that all matter could be reduced to particles that could not be divided, which he described as "atomos."

Socrates

(469-399) shifted the emphasis of philosophical investigation from questions of natural science to ethics and human behavior, humans have an "end-purpose", executed

Phidias

Great Athenian sculptor who supervise the building of the Parthenon, built a statue of Zeus at Olympia-was one of the seven wonders of the world

Exekias

Master at black figure technique.

Euphronios

Famous red-figure painter

Polygnotus

First great master of Greek painting, Athens 480 B.C.

Praxiteles

Ancient Greek sculptor (370-330), sculptor, made the first female nude, made statues that could be viewed from any viewpoint

The Thirty

The Spartan-imposed oligarchy that ruled Athens after the Peloponnesian Wars

The 400

the oligarchic council that briefly ruled Athens during the Peloponnesian War after a coup inspired by Pisander, Alcibiades, and Antiphon

herms

Stone pillar with bearded male (typically Hermes) head and erect phallus, found everywhere

Ionian Enlightenment

a set of advances in scientific thought, explanations on nature, and discovering the natural and rational causes behind observable phenomena, that took place in archaic Greece beginning in the 6th century BC.

daedalic style

greek art with primitive features

kourous/koure

young man/woman sculptures

cella

The chamber at the center of an ancient temple; in a classical temple, the room in which the cult statue usually stood.

Doric order

the simplest of the classical Greek architectural styles, featuring unadorned columns with no base

Ionic Order

classical Greek architectural style that features a fluted column shaft, capitals with volutes (spiral scroll-like ornaments) and a large base

pediment

the triangular top of a temple that contains sculpture

black figure

A technique of ancient Greek ceramic decoration in which black figures are painted on a red clay ground.

red figure

A style and technique of ancient Greek vase painting characterized by red clay colored figures on a black background

rhetoric

the art of using language effectively and persuasively

Sophists

itinerant teachers who traveled from city-state to city-state in classical Greece, training people in public speaking

severe style

Early phase of Classical sculpture characterized by reserved, remote expressions

lost wax technique

A bronze-casting process in which an initial mold is made from a model (usually clay) and filled with molten wax. A second, fire-resistant mold is made from the wax, and molten bronze is cast in it.

High Classical Style

The style in Greek sculpture associated with the ideal physical form and perfected during the zenith of the Athenian Empire, about 450-400 B.C.E

Elgin Marbles

Sculptures from the pediments and metopes and interior architraves of the Parthenon

white ground style

Style of pottery. Surface covered in chalky white, figures drawn in black, then colored.

Corinthian Order

Most ornate of the orders- contains a base, a fluted column shaft, and the capital is elaborate and decorated with leaf carvings

tholos

A temple with a circular plan

Old Comedy

5th century Greeks (bawdiness, bitter satire, religious, social issues)

Old Comedy-chorus

directly interacts with characters/audience

Prologos

An introductory speech or dialogue preceding the action of the play

agon

debate

Parabasis

chorus speaks directly to the audience-usually political in nature

Plato

(430-347 BCE) Was a disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms, in which there was another world of perfection.

arete

excellence-something Plato wanted to pursue

Threats to arete

1. democracy-people too dumb
2. sophists-false teachings

The Republic

Plato-describes the ideal state

The Laws

Plato-the best a state can be if not perfect

Theory of Forms

Plato's contention that ultimate reality consists of abstract ideas or forms that correspond to all objects in the empirical world. Knowledge of these abstractions is innate and can be attained only through introspection. There is an unchanging world from the one we live in

Reincarnation

Plato- believed our souls left our body before going to a new one, they encountered the world of forms in between and that's how we recognize the physical representation of the forms

Polis-Plato

3 parts- aristocrats, warriors, workers

soul-Plato

3 parts- reason, desire, will

Aristotle

Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry.

Theory of Potentiality

Aristotle's argument that change is always progress toward some end, and that the end causes the change

Teleology

the explanation of phenomena by the purpose they serve rather than by postulated causes.

prime mover

Aristotle's concept of the ultimate cause of movement and change in the universe

Doctrine of the Mean

Aristotle's claim that virtue requires us to feel, choose and act in an 'intermediate' way, neither 'too much' nor 'too little', but 'to feel [passions] at the right times, with reference to the right objects, towards the right people, with the right motive, and in the right way'.

Philip II

Macedonian king who sought to unite Greece under his banner until his death or murder. He was succeeded by his son Alexander.

King's Companions

The elite Macedonian cavalry; well-trained and made up of Macedonian nobles for the King's purposes

Amphicytonic League

alliance formed to protect Delphi

Demosthenes

Athenian orator who tried to unite the Greeks against Philip and his army

Sacred War

War between Philip & Amphicytonic League vs. Thebes & Athens

Alexander the Great

son of Philip II; received military training in Macedonian army and was a student of Aristotle; great leader; conquered much land in Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Mesopotamia; goal was to conquer the known world, thought he was a god

Bessus/Artaxerxes V

Persian Satrap of Bactria in Persia; self proclaimed King of Kings of Persia, murdered Darius

Parmenio

was a Macedonian general in the service of Philip II of Macedon and Alexander the Great, later killed by Alexander

The Greek Problem

Without Gods to rule or reveal truth, human reason is the only thing left to guide.

Polis/Poleis

city-state

demokratia

power of the people

thalassocracy

Minoan kingdom of the sea

wanaktes

Mycenaean word for king

megaron

a great hall in Mycenaean palaces

syllabary

each symbol represents a syllable-hard to read

Ahhiyawa

Hittite word for Achaea

shame culture

external sanctions to a shortcoming

guilt culture

internal sanctions to a shortcoming

aoidoi

Oral poets/ singers

basileus

leading man in a community

dike

justice

hekatompeda

hundred foot temples on Euboea

mythos

story

anthropomorphic

human characteristics

evolutionary religion

polytheistic, no origin, embraces things feared by a group

revealed religion

have founders, claim a special relationship with one God

etiological myth

a story that explains the cause of something

psyche

soul/breath

miasma

stench/blood pollution

agathoi

the rich/aristocrats/good people

kakoi

the poor/bad people

demos

the people/free male citizens

phalanx

hoplite fighting style/shield and spears to protect half of each person

symposium

private drinking parties

gymnasia

naked places/training for athletic events

pankration

all-in wrestling/no biting or eye gouging

ostracism

unpopularity contest/exile for 10 years

historie

inquiry

helots

Spartan slaves