ZOO 251 Clifford Fontenot Test 1

5-6 Liters

Volume of blood in the average male?

4-5 Liters

Volume of blood in the average female?

Plasma

Liquid part of the blood that carries nutrients and wastes, 92% water in composition, 55% of blood volume

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets

What are the three main formed elements in blood?

Hematocrit

Ratio of volume of red blood cells to rest of the blood

Exercise

Name a way red blood cell numbers can increase

Interstitial fluid

Name the fluid that is present in extracellular space in capillary beds

Arteriole

Name for a small artery before a capillary bed

Venule

Name for a small vein after a capillary bed

Albumin

Protein that regulates osmotic pressure, has a high molecular weight, and affects blood flow in capillaries

Globulin

Protein for antibodies, has a high bonding affinity to target molecules

Fibrinogen

Protein that forms fibrin

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipoprotiens

List nutrient types found in blood

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

List the two main blood gasses

Ammonia, Ammonia is toxic even in small amounts

Nitrogenous compounds such as urea, uric acid, creatine, and creatinine all form ____________ if left out. Why is this negative?

Electrolytes

Nutrient compounds that conduct electricity

Cations

Particles that have a positive charge such as Na+

Anions

Particles that have a negative charge, such as Cl-

Hydrogen cations H+ (protons)

Which particles make a solution acidic?

Hydroxyl anions OH-

Which particles make a solution basic?

hemocytoblast

stem cells that give rise to all the formed elements of the blood

Erythrocytes

Name for a red blood cell, 4-6 million/mm^3 of blood

1. CO

2. O2

3. CO2

4. N2 (does not bind)

Rank the following compounds in order of highest to lowest bonding affinity. O2, CO2, CO, N2

A biconcave structures gives flexibility while also increasing surface area for gas exchange

Why are erythrocytes biconcave?

More gases can be bound to hemoglobin structure inside cell than just saturating blood solution with gasses

Why are blood gases bound to hemoglobin in RBCs?

Approx. 120 days, it is filtered and re-purposed by the Spleen

How long is a RBC's life span? What happens after death?

Gas carrying capability is reduced, can stick in blood vessels forming clots

What are 2 problem caused by sickle shaped red blood cells?

Liver

Heme groups found in RBC are formed by enzymes in which organ?

Biliverdin

Bile pigment that is involved in heme group catabolism in a bruise, gives a green color to skin

Bilirubin

Bile pigment that is involved in heme group catabolism in a bruise, gives yellow color to skin present when bruise is almost healed

Granulocytes, dyes that stain them

Leukocyte group with Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophil?

Where are names derived from?

Agranulocytes

Leukocyte group with Monocytes and Lymphocytes?

Neutrophil

Multinucleated, phagocytic (eats other cells or debris) leukocyte

Eosinophil

Bilobed nucleus, phagocytic (eats other cells or debris) leukocyte, involved in chemotaxis (releases chemicals that cause movement)

Basophil

Produce heparin (inhibits clotting), produces histamine (causes inflammation and swelling) leukocyte

Monocytes

Horseshoe shaped nucleus, phagocytic (eats other cells or debris) leukocyte

Lymphocyte

Leukocyte with big smooth nucleus, gives specific immunity to the body

T, B, K

List 3 types of leukocytes

Megakaryocytes

irregular shaped cell with frayed edges that look like amoeboid projects that break off to form platelets

Platelets

Elements that form plug in hemostasis

1. Vasoconstriction

2. Formation of platelet plug

3. Fibrin formed from fibrinogen

4. Damage repaired with cell divison

5. Clot is dissolved

6. Vasodilation

List 6 steps of Hemostasis

Spasm that constricts blood flow to slow bleeding

Define vasoconstriction

Pressure slows blood loss

How does a platelet plug help to stop bleeding?

Lysosomes

Which enzymes dissolve the clot formed in hemostasis?

Relaxation of blood vessel to resume normal blood movement

Define vasodilation

Agglutinogen

Antigen surface present in blood cells

Agglutinin

Antibody present in blood plasma

O

Blood type that contains no Agglutinogen types

A

Agglutnin Anti B binds with Agglutinogen ___?

B

Agglutnin Anti A binds with Agglutinogen ___?

AB

Which blood type contains no Agglutinin types?

Rh factor

Surface protein from rhesus monkeys that indicates the "positive" or "negative" in blood type names

When the donor is Rh positive but Host is Rh negative, forms Anti-Rh factor upon exposure

When would a hazardous situation regarding blood transfusions occur with regard to Rh factor?

Vena cava

Main vein that returns blood to the heart from the body

Aorta

Main artery that brings blood from the heart to the body

Chordae Tendinae

Connection between heart valves and muscles that close them

Pappilary muscles

Muscles that are responsible for closing heart valves

Tricuspid valve

Valve between right atrium and right ventricle

Biscuspid valve

Valve between left atrium and left ventricle

Pulmonary semilunar valve

Valve between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

Aortic semilunar valve

Valve between left ventricle and aorta

Atrioventricular septum

Wall between atria and ventricles

Interatrial septum

Wall between atria

Interventricular septum

Wall between ventricles

Atria then Ventricles

List the order of heart chamber contraction

120:80 mm Hg

Average human blood pressure

Systolic, contraction

First number in blood pressure ratio corresponds to which type of pressure?

Diastolic, relaxation

Second number in blood pressure ratio corresponds to which type of pressure?

Small amount of blood squirts back into previous heart chamber

What is a heart murmur?

AV valves closing then semilunar valves closing

What makes the typical heart sounds heard while the heart beats?

Presence of the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus

to bypass the pulmonary circuit

What are the 2 main differences in a fetal heart? Why are these structures present?

opening flap doesn't open as much and connective tissue seals the gap forming the Fossa Ovalis

When a baby is born, what should happen to the foramen ovale?

It collapses from pressure change to stop bypass of pulmonary circuit

When a baby is born, what should happen to the Ductus Arteriosus?

Left and right coronary arteries

What supplies the myocardium with blood?

Circumflex

Continuation around heart at level of the AV septum

Epicardium

Them membrane outside the heart

Myocardium

Middle muscular layer of the heart

Endocardium

Interior lining of the heart

Anterior and Posterior Interventricular Arteries

Supplies blood to the interventricular septum and surrounding areas of the heart

Lesser and Greater, Middle and Posterior Cardiac vein

Carries away blood used by heart

Coronary suclus

Where do blood vessels that supply the heart with blood lie around the heart?

Coelomic cavity

Open space surrounded by serous membrane in early development before being divided into body cavities

Thoracic and Peritoneal (abdominal)

Two cavities that are formed when coelomic cavity's sides are compressed

Diaphragm

What divides thoracic and abdominal cavities?

Parietal pleura

Outer serous membrane of thoracic cavity near lungs

Visceral pleura

Serous membrane directly on top of lungs

Parietal pericardium

Outer serous membrane of thoracic cavity near heart

Visceral pericardium

Serous membrane surrounding heart

Parietal peritonum

Outer serous membrane of abdominal cavity

Visceral peritoneum

Serous membrane around digestive tract

Organs develop from the outside and push in to have membrane on surface

How do organs end up covered in the serous membrane in the body cavities?

Mesentary

Serous membrane layers with nothing in between in digestive tract that is anchored to bodily wall

Storage of mesentaric fat, and stability

What is mesentary used for?

Greater omentum

Part of digestive system near stomach used for fat storage

Cranial nerve X, Vagus

What major nerve connects directly to the heart?

Sinoatrial node

Where does the Vagus nerve connect to the heart?

Atrioventricular node

Present at AV junction, marks where nerve changes from tight cord to bundles

AV Bundle of His

Branches of nerve found in AV septum

Purkinje fibers

Nerve fibers present in ventricular wall

Intercalcalated Disk

Plate between adjacent cardiac muscle, locally coordinates contraction