Roman Civ FINAL

Vespasian

(69–79 AD): Founder of the Flavian dynasty; rebuilt Rome after the civil wars, started the Colosseum.

Flavian Amphitheater / Colosseum

Built 70–80 AD; massive public arena for gladiatorial games.

Templum Pacis

Temple of Peace, 71–79 AD, celebrating Vespasian’s victory over the Jews.

Jewish Revolt

(66–73 AD): Jewish uprising in Judea; crushed by Rome, leading to destruction of the Second Temple.

Western Wall (“Wailing Wall”)

Surviving wall of the Second Temple, still a Jewish holy site.

Siege of Masada

(73 AD): Last Jewish holdout, mass suicide of defenders.

Titus

(79–81 AD): Vespasian’s son; completed the Colosseum, famous for handling the eruption of Vesuvius (79 AD).

Baths of Titus

Public baths, built 80 AD

Coin of Titus

(80 AD): Celebratory coins showing Titus’ victories

Arch of Titus

(82 AD): Monumental arch celebrating the Jewish War victory.

Domitian

(81–96 AD): Titus’ brother; known for autocratic rule, later subjected to damnatio memoriae

damnatio memoriae

erasure from records

Pompeii

Roman city buried by Vesuvius in 79 AD; preserved snapshot of daily life.

Oscans

Indigenous Italic people of Campania

Campanian

Regional style/materials of southern Italy.

forum

Main public square.

Capitolium

temple to Jupiter, Juno, Minerva

Curia

senate house or council building

basilicas

large public buildings for businesses and legal matters

Stabian baths

oldest large bath complex in Pompeii

Apodyterium

changing room in baths

frigidarium

cold bath

tepidarium

warm bath

caldarium

hot bath

hypocaust

underfloor heating system

taberna

shop or tavern

eumachia building

public building sponsored by priestess EumachiaHou

House of the Surgeon

early domus (house) in Pompeiid

domus

Wealthy Roman house

Atrium

central open area in house

fauces

entryway passagec

ompluvium

roof opening for rainwateri

impluvium

basin under compluviumcu

cubicula

bedrooms

triclinia

dining rooms

tablinum

office or main reception room

House of the Faun

lavish Pompeii residence with mosaicsAu

August Mau

scholar who defined roman wall-painting styles

First (Masonry) Style

painted imitation of marble 2nd cen BC

Second Style

illusionistic architecture 1st cen BC

Third Style

delicate, decorative motifs (late 1st century BC early 1st century AD

Fourth Style

mixture of previous styles mid 1st cen ADHo

House of the Vettii

well preserved Pompeii house with fourth-style paintings

Pentheus Room

room in the house of the Vettii with mythological scenesO

Ostia

Rome’s port city; well preserved ruins show urban life

insula

apartment building

patron-client system/clientela

social political network of favors and obligations

nerva

(96–98 AD): Transitional emperor, adopted Trajan.

Trajan

(98–117 AD): Military expansion, prosperity.

Forum of Trajan

(113 AD): Grand public space with libraries, basilica.

Basilica Ulpia

Main hall in Trajan’s forum.

Column of Trajan

Commemorative column with spiral relief of Dacian Wars

Baths of Trajan

large public baths 104-109 AD

Plotina

wife of Trajan

Markets of Trajan

ancient shopping complex

Circus Maximus

huge chariot-racing stadium spi

spina

central barrier in circus

Hadrian

(117–138 AD): Known for building projects, consolidation.

Vibia Sabina

hadrian’s wife

Antinous

Hadrian’s beloved companion deified after death Panth

Pantheon

rebuilt under Hadrian, famous for dome and oculus (roof opening)

Mausoleum of Hadrian

monumental tomb later called Castel Sant’Angelo

Hadrian’s Villa at Tivoli

vast retreat with pools, theaters

Maritime Theater

circular island villa in Tivoli

Canopus with Serapeum

canal and egyptian-style temple at Tivoli

Panhellenion

League of Greek cities, promoted by Hadrian

Antonius Pius

(138–161 AD): Peaceful reign, legal reforms.

consitutions

imperial decreese

edicts

official orders or proclamations

jurists

legal scholars

“Silver Age” of Roman literature

Refined but less original literary period.

Second Sophistic

greek rhetorical and cultural revival

Economic Developments

relative prosperity, stable coinage

Marcus Aurelius

(161–180 AD): Stoic philosopher-emperor.

Lucius Verus

(161–169 AD): Co-emperor, fought Parthians.

The Mediations

Marcus Aurelius’ personal stoic reflections Co

Commodus

(180–192 AD): Erratic ruler, son of Marcus, assassinated

Factions

(chariot teams): Blue, Green, Red, White teams.

wood ampitheater

early type before stone ampitheaters

gladiator and beast fight schools

training grounds for games

Retiarius vs secutor or thrax

Gladiator match types (net fighter vs. sword/shield or curved-sword fighter).le

lex pugnandi

rules of combat

Summa rudis

referee of gladiator fights

Septimius Severus

(193–211 AD): Military ruler, expanded empire.

Leptis Magna

Severus’ hometown, major building projects.

Julia Domna

Severus’ wife, powerful empress.

Caracalla and Geta

Sons, co-rulers; Geta murdered by Caracalla.

parthian invasion

eastern campaigns

Tetrapylon

four-sided arch or monument

Baths of Caracalla

Hige bath complex in Rome

Antonine Constitution

(212 AD): Granted Roman citizenship to all free men.

Julia Maesa, Julia Soaemias, Julia Mamaea

severan women, held political powerE

Elagabalus

(218–222 AD): Controversial, eccentric emperor.

Antoninianus

coin introduced under Caracalla

Alexander Severus

(222–235 AD): Last Severan emperor.

Sassanid Persian Empire

powerful new eastern rival

Maximus Thrax

first soldier-emperor after Severans

debasement of coinage

reduction in precious metal content

Honestiores vs. humiliores

Legal division between elite and lower classes.

Military anarchy

(235–284 AD): Constant coups, instability.