AOT 4-5

nares

open into the nasal cavity, which is separated into left and right sections by the nasal septum

nasal septum

formed anteriorly by a portion of the septal cartilage  and posteriorly by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and the thin vomer bones.

Conchae

increase the surface area of the nasal cavity, disrupt the flow of air as it enters the nose, causing air to bounce along the epithelium, where it is cleaned and warmed.

Paranasal sinuses

serve to warm and humidify incoming air. They are lined with a mucosa which produces mucus.

uvula

small bulbous, teardrop-shaped structure located at the apex of the soft palate (Betts, et al., 2013)

epiglottis

attached to the thyroid cartilage, is a very flexible piece of elastic cartilage that covers the opening of the trachea

glottis

attached to the thyroid cartilage, is a very flexible piece of elastic cartilage that covers the opening of the trachea

trachea

The trachea (windpipe) extends from the larynx toward the lungs

fibroelastic membrane.

a flexible membrane that closes the posterior surface of the trachea, connecting the C-shaped cartilages

Carina

ridge of cartilage that separates the two main bronchi

Hillum

A concave region where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves also enter the lungs

Conducting Zone

provide a route for incoming and outgoing air, remove debris and pathogens from the incoming air, and warm and humidify the incoming air. Several structures within the conducting zone perform other functions as well. The epithelium of the nasal passages, for example, is essential to sensing odors, and the bronchial epithelium that lines the lungs can metabolize some airborne carcinogens

Respiratory zone

includes structures that are directly involved in gas exchange, begins where the terminal bronchioles join a respiratory bronchiole, the smallest type of bronchiole, which then leads to an alveolar duct, opening into a cluster of alveoli.

alveolus

0.2 millimeters in diameter with elastic walls that allow the alveolus to stretch during air intake, which greatly increases the surface area available for gas exchange. They are connected to their neighbors by alveolar pores, which help maintain equal air pressure. A sac of this is responsible for gas exchange.

Quiet breathing/Eupnea

a mode of breathing that occurs at rest and does not require the cognitive thought of the individual. The diaphragm and external intercostals must contract.

Diaphragmatic breathing/deep breathing

requires the diaphragm to contract. As the diaphragm relaxes, air passively leaves the lungs.

Costal breathing/shallow breath

Requires contraction of the intercostal muscles. As the intercostal muscles relax, air passively leaves the lungs.

Forced breathing/hyperpnea

A mode of breathing that can occur during exercise or actions that require the active manipulation of breathing, such as singing. Inspiration and expiration both occur due to muscle contractions. In addition to the contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, other accessory muscles must also contract.

asphyxia

deprivation of oxygen to tissues, suffocation

aspirate

suction of fluid, inhalation of fluid

epistaxis

nose bleed
(rhinorrhagia)

influenza (flu)

highly contagious viral infection effecting the respiratory tract

mucus

slimy liquid secreted by mucous membranes

nebulizer (NEB-yŭ-lī-zĕr)

device that creates a mist for giving respiratory treatment or medication

nosocomial infection (nos-ŏ-KŌ-mē-ăl in-FEK-shŏn)

infection acquired in hospital

pleural effusion (PLOOR-ăl ĕ-FŪ-zhŭn)

fluid in the pleural space
(caused by disease or trauma)

pulmonary embolism (PE) (PŬL-mō-nĕ-rē EM-bŏ-liĭzm)

blockage of pulmonary circulation to the lungs 

pulmonary edema (PŬL-mō-nĕ-rē ĕ-DĒ-mă)

luid accumulation in alveoli and bronchioles
(related to heart failure)

stethoscope

instrument used to hear internal body sounds

sputum (SPŪT-ŭm)

mucous secretion from lungs, bronchi, and trachea that is expelled through the mouth

upper respiratory infection (URI)

infection of the nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx cause by a virus

ventilator

mechanical device that assist with breathing

ABGs

arterial blood gases

AFB

acid-fast bacilli

ARDS

acute respiratory distress syndrome

BiPAP

bilevel positive airway pressure

C&S

culture and sensitivity

CAP

community-acquired pneumonia

CF

cystic fibrosis

CO2

carbon dioxide

COPD

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

CPAP

continuous positive airway pressure

CPT

chest physiotherapy

CT

computed tomography, computerized tomography

CXR

chest x-ray

DPI

dry powder inhaler

flu

influenza

IPF

idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

IPPB

intermittent positive-pressure breathing

LLL

left lower lobe

LTB

laryngotracheobronchitis

LUL

left upper lobe

MDI

metered-dose inhaler

NIPPV

non-invasive positive-pressure ventilator

O2

oxygen

OSA

obstructive sleep apnea

PE

pulmonary embolism or pulmonary edema

PEP

positive expiratory pressure

PFM

peak flow meter

PFTs

pulmonary function tests

PSG

polysomnography

RLL

right lower lobe

RML

right middle lobe

RUL

right upper lobe

SOB

shortness of breath

SVN

small-volume nebulizer

TB

upper respiratory infection

VAP

ventilator-associated pneumonia

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

a term used to represent a number of respiratory diseases including chronic bronchitis and emphysema.. Achronic condition with most symptoms appearing in people in their middle 50s. Symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, and sputum production. Symptoms during flare ups or times of exacerbation, may include green or brown mucous, increase in the viscosity or amount of mucus, chest pain, fever, swollen ankles, headaches, dizziness, and blue lips or fingers. There is no cure for COPD, may be controlled w bronchodilaters.

Asthma

a chronic disease characterized by inflammation, edema of the airway, and bronchospasms which can inhibit air from entering the lungs.

Symptoms of asthma

coughing, shortness of breath, wheezing, and tightness of the chest. Symptoms of a severe asthma attack require immediate medical attention and may include dyspnea that results in cyanotic lips or face, confusion, drowsiness, a rapid pulse, sweating, and severe anxiety. The severity of the condition, frequency of attacks, and identified triggers influence the type of medication that an individual may require. Longer-term treatments are used for those with more severe asthma. Short-term, fast-acting drugs that are used to treat an asthma attack are typically administered via an inhaler.

Dyspnea

Trouble breathing

Cyanotic

Pertaining to abnormal discolouration of blue (bluish colour, lips and nail beds) caused by deoxygenation

Lung cancer

Symptoms often appear in the late stages with 50% being diagnosed at STAGE IV, include shortness of breath, wheezing, blood in the mucus, chronic chest infections, dysphagia, pleural effusion, and enlarged lymph nodes.

small cell lung cancer (SCLC)

linked to cigarette smoking, grows quickly and metastasizes.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

more common and grows slowly. Changes in lung cells may lead to benign tumours or malignant tumors. Cancers that start in other parts of the body may metastasize to the lungs. Risk factors include smoking, air pollution, family history exposure to second-hand smoke, exposure to radon gas, and exposure to carcinogens

Sleep Apnea

a chronic disorder that occurs in children and adults. It is characterized by the cessation of breathing during sleep. These episodes may last for several seconds or several minutes, and may differ in the frequency with which they are experienced. Leads to poor sleep, symptoms include fatigue, evening napping, irritability, memory problems, morning headaches, and excessive snoring. A diagnosis is usually done during a sleep study, where the patient is monitored in a sleep laboratory for several nights. Treatment of sleep commonly includes the use of a device called a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine during sleep

Pulmonologist

A physician who specializes in the respiratory system

Respiratory Therapists (RTs)

health care professionals that monitor, assess and treat people who are having problems breathing, tained in ventilation and airway management, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, oxygen and aerosol therapy. They care for patients during cardiac stress-testing, pulmonary function testing, smoking cessation, high-risk births, rehabilitation, and surgery. They treat patients with asthma, bronchitis, COPD, emphysema, heart disease, and pneumonia

Thoracic Surgeon

a surgeon who has specialized in either thoracic (chest) surgery or cardiothoracic (heart and chest) surgery and care or perform surgery for patients with serious conditions of the chest

Spirometry Testing

used to find out how well lungs are working by measuring air volume.

Respiratory volume

describes the amount of air in a given space within the lungs, or which can be moved by the lung, and is dependent on a variety of factors.

Tidal volume

refers to the amount of air that enters the lungs during quiet breathing, whereas inspiratory reserve volume is the amount of air that enters the lungs when a person inhales past the tidal volume.

Expiratory reserve volume

The extra amount of air that can leave with forceful expiration, following tidal expiration.

Residual volume,

the amount of air that is left in the lungs after expelling the expiratory reserve volume.

Respiratory capacity

The combination of two or more volumes.

Anatomical dead space

refers to the air within the respiratory structures that never participates in gas exchange, because it does not reach functional alveoli.

Respiratory rate

the number of breaths taken per minute, which may change during certain diseases or conditions.