urine analysis | Quizlet

in sedimentation we look for

cells

cast

crystals

microorganisms

semen

when would semen be seen in urine

up to month of castration

how many RBCS in one view is ok and no. means hematouria

<3 ; ok

>3 : hematouria

echinocytes in urine means what

lesion in the upper UT

normal round (fresh) RBCs means what

lesion is in the lower UT (bladder, urethra)

how many leukocytes in urine is ok and how many is leukosuria

<3 : ok

>3 : leukosuria

types of crystals in urine

struvites

calcium oxalates

ammonium bitrate crystals

calcium carbonates

cystein crystals

describe struvites : ammonium mg phosphate

look like coffin lids

struvites : ammonium mg phosphate indicate

UTI and formed in alkaline urine

what does amorphous phosphate crystals

clouds

can be found w struvites

types of calcium oxalates and they look like what

dihydrates : envelope shape

mono-hydrates: double fan

what calcium oxalates are seen in cattle physiologically

dihydrates

mono hydrates are a sign of what

kidney failure

glycol toxicity

ammonium bitrate crystals appearance and indicator

appearance: spikey

indicate: probs w/ liver

calcium carbonates physiological in

cattle and horse

cystein crystals appearance and indicate

appearance: hexagonal

indicate: bacterial UTI

csytals lead to what forming

stones

cast types

hyaline

cellular

granular

waxy

hyaline casts cause

high proteinuria

high numbers: glomerular nephritis

low numbers: not significant

cellular casts cause and indicate

cause many cells

indiate UTI

granular casts cause and indicate

cause: cells in urine for long time

indicate: lesion. in upper UT

waxy casts indicate

always liver pathology(kidney failure)

what does it indicate in there's EPI in urine

round

tail at the end

squamous sells

EPI indicate pathology from upper UT

round: kidney

tail at the end: pathology in ureters → inflamm → increased produ and shedding of epithelial cells

squamous cells: urine bladder ( if more rounded coming from deep layers of urinary bladded)

kidney lab markers

SDMA: symmetric dimethyl arginine

creatine to protein ratio

which kidney is felt in rectal exam in cow

left

ratio of renal cortex: medulla

1:1

how to get urine for analysis

free flow

cystocentesis

collect from litter

catheter

can yo do catheter in bull

no due to flexure sigmoidea

stranguria

painfull urination

symptoms of kidney failure

polyuria

stranguria

nocturia- excessive urination at night,

anuria- lack of urine production

oliguria- a reduced output of urine

anuria

few drops at a Tim

oliguria

low output of urine

azotemia

usually high levels of nitrogen in the blood such as urea or creatine

3 methods of examining urine

refractometer

urometer

dipstick

what does increased specific gravity of urine mean

increase in specific gravity = An increased specific gravity of urine means that the urine is more concentrated than normal — it contains less water and more dissolved substances like salts, urea, glucose, or proteins.

dehydrated

fever

severe hemorhage

what does decreased specific gravity of urine mean

indicates that the urine is diluted

diabetes

glomerulonephritis- a kidney disease where the glomeruli, the tiny filters in your kidneys, are damaged or inflamed

pyelonephritis- aka A kidney infection

colour of eq urine and reason

more brown

↑ protein elimination

↑ bilirubin in blood - ↑ in urine too

car and cattle urine colour

more yellow

ph of cat and dog urine

acidic

ph of cattle urine

alkaline but when fed silage its acidic

ph of eq urine

alkaline

can they're be blood in urine

yes in heat

may depend on collection- catheter

how to differentiate if there's haemoglobin or RBC in the urine

let settle

RBCs drop to the bottom

HB will be scattered

how does haemoglobin end up in urine - hemoglobinuria

hemolysis

how does RBC end up in urine - hematuria

stones

lesions

nephritis

when is their ketones in the urine

ketosis of cattle

diabetes

acidosis

when is glucosuria physiological

late pregnancy in cats

stress in cats

when is glucosuria pathological

diabetes mellitus

Cushings

pancreatitis

urobilinogen in urine is a sign of what

hemolysis