Q4 Chem Benchmark Review

What is the order of concentration from least to greatest?

b < a < c

How does increasing CO2 levels in the oceans affect cloud production and Earth's temperature?

It leads to ocean acidification, harming sea creatures that produce cloud-forming compounds, resulting in fewer clouds and potentially increasing Earth's temperature.

How can the production of methane (CH4) be increased in the equilibrium equation CO (g) + 3H2 (g) ⇄ CH4 (g) + H2O (g)?

By adding more CO or H2 or removing CH4 or H2O.

How does increasing CO2 levels in the atmosphere affect ocean pH?

It increases the acid rate in the ocean, which can harm sea plants and animals.

What year will the concentration of CO2 reach 460 ppm if it increases by 1.5 ppm per year from 390 ppm in 2010?

2056

How does increasing concentration affect reaction rate?

It increases the reaction rate by packing more particles into a given volume.

What factors affect reaction rate?

Temperature, concentration, pressure, surface area, presence of a catalyst, and nature of the reactants.

Where is the activation energy represented in a graph?

At the peak of the graph.

Which ion increases when CO2 is added to a solution, H+ or OH-?

H+.

What do letters A, B, and D represent in a reaction graph?

A = initial concentration, B = a point where the reaction is still proceeding, D = Equilibrium.

How is equilibrium defined in terms of reaction rate?

At equilibrium, the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction, resulting in no net change in concentration.

How does increasing temperature affect an endothermic reaction?

It shifts the equilibrium toward the products, as heat acts like a reactant.

What are three ways to slow down a reaction?

Decreasing temperature, decreasing concentration, and adding an inhibitor.

How can the number of moles of C be decreased in the reaction A(s) + B(l) ⇌ C(g) + D(g)?

By decreasing the size or volume of the reaction vessel.

What is the effect of adding Cl2 to the equilibrium reaction SO2(g) + Cl2(g) ⇌ SO2Cl2(g)?

It will shift the equilibrium to the right, increasing the production of SO2Cl2 and decreasing the concentration of SO2.

How would you test if a chemical reaction is reversible starting with the white form of a chemical?

Add a few drops of water to trigger a color change to blue, then heat the blue substance to evaporate water and observe if it returns to white.

What happens when H2 is added to the equilibrium reaction N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇄ 2NH3(g)?

It will cause a decrease in the amount of N2 produced.

What happens when NH3 is removed from the equilibrium reaction N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇄ 2NH3(g)?

It will cause an increase in the amount of N2 produced.

What happens when pressure is increased in the equilibrium reaction N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇄ 2NH3(g)?

It will cause a decrease in the amount of H2 produced.

How does increasing concentration affect the chance of collision?

It increases the frequency of collisions.

Why does raising temperature increase the reaction rate?

It provides energy to break more bonds and speed up the reaction.

What is the purpose of catalysts in a car's exhaust system?

To trigger reactions that convert toxic combustion gases into less harmful emissions.

What effect does increasing particle size have on reaction rate?

It decreases the reaction rate.

How does the presence of a catalyst affect the reaction graph?

The 'hump' would be lower.

How does the presence of an inhibitor affect the reaction graph?

The 'hump' would be higher.

How do catalysts speed up a reaction?

By lowering the activation energy.

How can you increase the amount of B2 in the closed system reaction A(s) + 3B2(g) ⇄ AB6(s) + heat?

By adding more heat, adding more AB6, and increasing the volume or decreasing the pressure.