Grade 11 Biology Unit 2 - Genetic Processes

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What is the meaning of DNA?

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deoxyribonucleic acid

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What are nucleotides?

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They are individual units of each strand of DNA.

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31 Terms

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What is the meaning of DNA?

deoxyribonucleic acid

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What are nucleotides?

They are individual units of each strand of DNA.

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What are nucleotides composed of?

They are made of a phosphate group, a sugar group, and a Nitrogen containing base.

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What are the four different bases in DNA?

adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).

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In Chargaff’s Rule, what does “Apples in the Trees” mean in nitrogenous bases and pairing?

It means adenine (A) always pair up with thymine (T).

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In Chargaff’s Rule, what does “Cars in the Garage” mean in nitrogenous bases and pairing?

It means cytosine (C) always pair up with guanine (G).

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What happens if DNA is replicated during Interphase?

When DNA is replicated during Interphase, the double helix unwinds and each strand of DNA serves as a template for a new strand.

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What is this term called when DNA is copied, each of the new double-stranded DNA molecules contains one original strand of DNA and one new strand of DNA.

This is called semi-conservative.

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What is a Karyotype?

A photograph of pairs of homologous chromosomes in a cell.

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How many pairs of chromosomes does humans have?

23 pairs of chromosomes

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What are ways to identify chromosomes?

size, banding pattern, and centromere position.

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What kind of chromosomes do most pairs have in humans?

Autosomes

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22 pairs of chromosomes are in humans, but what is the last pair of chromosomes called?

The last pair are sex chromosomes which determines the biological sex of an organism

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What is this genetic disorder called when a pair of chromosomes has an extra copy of ONE more chromosome?

Trisomy

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What are homologous chromosomes?

They are chromosomes that contain the same sequences of gene as another chromosome and they are mostly found during Meiosis.

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What are diploids?

Cells that contain pairs of homologous chromosomes.

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What are haploids?

Cells that contains HALF the number of chromosomes in a parent cells.

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What is the purpose of meiosis?

To make haploid gametes for sexual reproduction.

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How many chromosomes are in a human somatic cell chromosome?

46 chromosomes

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How many chromosomes are in a gamete cell of chromosome?

23 chromosomes

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Spermatogenesis

Applying meiosis in males, starts as diploid cells in testes and results in 4 haploid germ cells.

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Oogenesis

Applying meiosis in females, starts as diploid germ cells in ovaries and results in 4 haploid cells: 1 ovum and 3 polar bodies.

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Synapsis

The aligning of homologous chromosomes during prophase I in meiosis I

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crossing over

The exchange of chromosomal segments between a pair of homologous chromosomes.

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What is the end results of Meiosis I?

It ends with two haploid daughters.

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What is the end results of Meiosis II?

It ends with four haploid daughter cells.

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Independent assortment

arranged randomly in metaphase I in meiosis I

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What is the chromatin’s structure in the cell during Interphase in Mitosis looks like?

It is structurally loose.

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When does the chromatin becomes condensed?

It only becomes condensed in X formation during mitosis

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What are chromatids?

They are single-stranded chromosomes.

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What happens to chromatids after DNA replication?

They become double-stranded and homologous chromosomes.