VCE History Unit 4 AOS 1: 'China Rising' Causes of the Revolution

When was the New Republic of China proclaimed?

1912.

Who was Yuan Shikai?

The general who commanded the Qing forces during the 1911 Revolution. He forced the abdication of Emperor Pu Yi in order to become the autocratic President of the Republic of China between 1912 and 1916.

Who was Dr Sun Yat-Sen?

A Chinese revolutionary and the creator of the Three Principles of the People. He founded the Tongmengui military alliance in 1905, the GMD in 1912 and re-established the Guomindang in 1924.

Who was Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek?

The leader of the Guomindang after Sun Yat-Sen’s death in 1925. His anti-communist agenda was unpopular, and he fled China in 1949.

Who was Chairman Mao Zedong?

The leader of the Communists from 1935. He believed that the revolution could begin with the peasants instead of the workers. He established the Red Army and the Jiangxi Soviet.

What were Sun Yat-Sen’s Three Principles of the People?

Nationalism- He believed the Han Chinese should rule themselves. ‘China is the China of the Chinese.’ People’s Livelihood- He wanted more regulated ownership of agricultural land, strong state influence in industry and a single, fairer tax system. Democracy- He believed China should become a republic with a popularly elected president and parliament, implemented in three stages.

When was the Tongmenhui founded, and how many members did it habe by 1906?

It was founded in September 1905, and had 10,000 members by 1906.

What was the Double Tenth?

On the 10th of October 1911, a bomb being assembled by New Army officers exploded in Wuhan. They rebelled, taking control of Hubei province. Within 6 weeks, 15 of China’s 24 provinces had declared independence from Qing rule.

When was the provisional government created?

A provisional government of the Republic of China was proclaimed, on the 1st of January 1912, with Sun Yat-Sen as president.

When did Pu Yi abdicate the throne, and when did Yuan Shikai become president of the Republic of China?

Pu Yi abdicating the throne on the 12th of February 1912, and Yuan Shikai was sworn in as the president of the Republic of China on the 10th of March 1912.

What were Yuan Shikai’s goals as President of the Republic of China?

Reforming China’s legal system, suppressing opium farming, encouraging primary education, centralising currency and increasing crop yields.

What is some evidence of Yuan Shikai’s oppressive rule?

Between July and August 1913, 7 provinces rebelled against his leadership, but were defeated. The GMD was banned in November 1914, and the national and provisional parliaments abolished and replaced with advisory state councils. In May 1914 Yuan extended his term of presidency from 5 to 10 years, and attempted to assume the title of emperor in January 1916, but was forced to renounce his claim to the throne in March before dying in June.

What were Japan’s 21 Demands?

A set of economic demands made by Japan in return for loans made to China. The signing on the 7th of May 1915 became a ‘day of shame’.

What are two quotes from the Warlard Period?

‘No single militarist was strong enough to take charge of all China at the head of a national government.’- Fenby. ‘The 12 years from Yuan’s death in 1916… saw political fragmentation… most of whom were provisional governors.’

What was the May 4th movement?

A student led protest against the Treaty of Versailles in May 1919, born from the New Culture Movement, because former German territories in China were instead returned to Japan. 3,000 students rallied in Tiananmen Square. It led to the founding of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921.

How did communism begin in China?

The First National Party Congress of the CCP occurred in July 1921, with 57 members, Mao Zedong and Zhu De among them.

What were the two differing ideas within the CCP?

Chen Duxiu from Shanghai believed the proletariat would lead the revolution, because it is ‘difficult for the peasants to participate in the revolutionary movement’. Li Dazhao, from Beijing, said ‘we must emphasize that the peasantry is the most important part.’ Mao supported Li.

What did Sun Yat-Sen say in 1914 about Yuan Shikai’s rule?

‘[Yuan Shikai'] has torn up the Constitution, dissolved the National Assembly, cancelled regional autonomy and altered the judicial system…’ ‘The Republic which the Revolutionary Government created with such difficulty has been entirely destroyed by him.’

What was wrong with the Treaty of Versailles?

It did not give fair reward to the Chinese, who had fought with the Allies since 1917 and contributed 100,000 soldiers to the war effort.

What was the Sun Joffe Declaration?

A joint manifesto made between the CCP and the GMD in January 1923 that proclaimed an alliance between the two parties. It was a ‘marriage of convenience’ (Fenby).

What was the Northern Expedition?

A military campaign run by the Jiang Jieshi in 1926, in which 85,000 Chinese troops moved North to unify China. The Nanjing Government was formed at the end of the expedition.

What was the Shanghai Massacre?

A massacre run by Jiang Jieshi against the Communists. Big Ears Du formed a 2,000 man militia called the Chinese Mutual Progress Association.

What is the Northern Expedition quote?

‘We must overthrow all warlords and wipe out reactionary power […] and complete the National Revolution. ‘- Jiang Jieshi.