bonding, structure, properties and energy changes

shape name, bond angle, no. of central atoms (e.g. 1,2,3), no. of regions (include full name), no. of bonds (no. of lone pairs if applicable)

Tetrahedral, 109.5, 1 central atom, 4 regions of electron density, 4 bonds

shape name, bond angle, no. of central atoms (e.g. 1,2,3), no. of regions (include full name), no. of bonds (no. of lone pairs if applicable)

Trigonal Pyramidal, 109.5, 1 central atom, 4 regions of electron density, 3 bonds, 1 lone pair

shape name, bond angle, no. of central atoms (e.g. 1,2,3), no. of regions (include full name), no. of bonds (no. of lone pairs if applicable)

Bent (4), 109.5, 1 central atom, 4 regions of electron density, 2 bonds, 2 lone pairs

[only 1 green dot] shape name, bond angle, no. of central atoms (e.g. 1,2,3), no. of regions (include full name), no. of bonds (no. of lone pairs if applicable)

Bent (3), 120, 1 central atom, 3 regions of electron density, 2 bonds, 1 lone pair

shape name, bond angle, no. of central atoms (e.g. 1,2,3), no. of regions (include full name), no. of bonds (no. of lone pairs if applicable)

Linear, 180, 1 central atom, 2 regions of electron density, 2 bonds

shape name, bond angle, no. of central atoms (e.g. 1,2,3), no. of regions (include full name), no. of bonds (no. of lone pairs if applicable)

Trigonal Planar, 120, 1 central atom, 3 regions of electron density, 3 bonds

Tetrahedral

109.5, 1 central atom, 4 regions of electron density, 4 bonds

Trigonal Pyramidal

109.5, 1 central atom, 4 regions of electron density, 3 bonds, 1 lone pair

Bent (4)

109.5, 1 central atom, 4 regions of electron density, 2 bonds, 2 lone pairs

Bent (3)

120, 1 central atom, 3 regions of electron density, 2 bonds, 1 lone pair

Linear

180, 1 central atom, 2 regions of electron density, 2 bonds

Trigonal Planar

120, 1 central atom, 3 regions of electron density, 3 bonds

Phrase to remember

Repel for maximum separation, resulting in minimum repulsion

Important water thing to remember

water (liquid) is a polar solvent - polar substances dissolve in it, water (H2O) is a polar molecule

Polar bonds are between…

differently electronegative atoms

Non-polar bonds are between…

identically electronegative atoms in a symmetrical shape

Bond dipoles are… (δ)

representative of an unequal share of electrons/difference in electronegativity by the δ symbol, where δ+ represents the atom with the emptier shell (often the central atom)

Lithium chloride, LiCl (solid, particle, attractive forces, structure)

ionic, ions (a cation and an anion/metal and non-metal), ionic bonds, lattice and sea of delocalised valence electrons

Copper, Cu (solid, particle, attractive forces, structure)

metallic, metal atoms/metal cations and delocalised electrons, metallic bonds, lattice and sea

diamond, graphite, graphene, silicon dioxide (solid, particle, attractive forces)

3D covalent network, atoms, strong covalent bonds

water, H2O/oxygen gas, O2 (solid, particle, attractive forces, structure)

molecular, molecules (only one type or compounds of non-metals), weak intermolecular forces of attraction, lattice and sea of delocalised valence electrons

what is the ΔrH formula with energy unit (format ΔrH=___)

ΔrH=bonds broken-bonds formed, kJmol-1