WSU BIO315 Lecture Exam 4 Study Guide

What are the structures of the air passageways?

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

The alveoli are sites of ____.

gas exchange

What are alveoli?

terminal air pouches at end of bronchioles

What are the two zones of the respiratory system?

conducting and respiratory

What is the conducting zone?

only a passage-way for air

What is the respiratory zone?

allows exchange of gases between blood and atmosphere (within lung)

What are the two types of mucosa in the upper respiratory tract?

olfactory and respiratory

____ mucosa houses olfactory receptors - located on superior concha; upper nasal septum.

olfactory

____ mucosa lines the remainder of the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, trachea, and bronchi.

respiratory

What is the epithelium of respiratory mucosa?

ciliated, psuedostratified columnar epithelium

____ cells within the epithelium produce mucus to trap fine particles (dust, etc.).

goblet

In the respiratory mucosa, underlying layer of lamina propria - ____.

mucosal glands

What do mucosal glands in the respiratory mucosa do?

secrete mucus and lysozyme to destroy bacteria

There is no ____ mucosa in the respiratory mucosa.

muscularis

What do cilia of the respiratory mucosa do?

move contaminated mucus to oropharynx to be swallowed

What are the external nares?

nostrils

What are the nasal vestibules?

space within flared region of nose

In the nasal vestibule, what is the purpose of hairs?

trap particles

What divides the nasal cavity?

nasal septum

The nasal septum is cartilage ____; bone ____.

anterior, posterior

The nasal cavity is covered by ____ mucosa.

respiratory

The nasal cavity is continuous with the ____.

nasopharynx

What are choanae?

posterior nasal apertures

Where are choanae?

opening between nasal cavity and nasopharynx

What two nasal conchae are part of the ethmoid bone?

superior and middle

The inferior concha is part of the ____.

maxilla

Where are the nasal conchae?

project medially from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

What are the nasal conchae?

scroll-like projections; form large ridges

The nasal conchae are covered by ____ mucosa.

respiratory

What do the nasal conchae do?

cause turbulent flow

What is a nasal meatus?

a groove inferior to each conchae

What do nasal meatus do?

filter air of particulate matter, warm inhaled air, moisten inhaled air

What are the paranasal sinuses?

air filled spaces within skull bones surrounding nasal cavity (most open into meatuses)

What are the four paranasal sinuses?

frontal, sphenoidal, ethmoidal, maxillary

The Paranasal sinuses are lined with ____ mucosa.

respiratory

What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?

warm and moisten air, trap dust, lighten skull, and sound resonance

Where is the nasopharnyx?

superior to oropharynx

The nasopharynx is only an ____ passageway.

air

The nasopharynx is lined by ____ mucosa.

respiratory

Where is the pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) located?

posterior wall of nasopharynx

What does the pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) do?

destroys entering pathogens

The nasopharynx contains the opening to the ____ tube.

pharyngotympanic (auditory)

Where is the larynx?

lies at entrance to trachea

What are the three functions of the larynx?

voice production, provides open airway, routes air and food into proper channels (epiglottis)

The larynx is a mostly ____ framework.

cartilage

The larynx has ____ major and ____ minor cartilages.

5, 2

What is the bone in the larynx?

hyoid bone

What does the hyoid bone do?

aid movements of tongue

What are the cartilage components of the larynx?

hyaline (except epiglottis)

What cartilage is the epiglottis?

elastic cartilage

Where is the epiglottis?

attaches to posterior tongue

What does the epiglottis do?

closes off trachea during swallowing

What cartilage in the larynx is the largest?

thyroid cartilage

What are the features of thyroid cartilage?

superior notch, laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple), thyrohyoid membrane (ligament)

What is the shape of cricoid cartilage?

ring-shaped

Where is cricoid cartilage?

inferior to thyroid cartilage

In the larynx, cartilage components are mostly ____ cartilage.

hyaline

What cartilage is the epiglottis made of?

elastic

Of the laryngeal cartilages, which is the largest?

thyroid cartilage ("shield")

Cricoid cartilage is ____ shaped.

ring

Arytenoid cartilages are ____; pyramid shaped.

paired

Where is the arytenoid cartilage located?

sits on posterior cricoid cartilage

What cartilage anchors the "true" vocal cords?

arytenoid cartilages

What are vocal ligaments?

"true" vocal cords, elastic fibers covered by mucosa

What is the rima glottidis?

space between vocal cords

The vocal cords extend between the ____ and ____ cartilages.

arytenoid, thyroid

What are the two types of movement that the arytenoid cartilages allow for?

lateral-medial, rotation

What does lateral-medial movement of the arytenoid cartilage do?

increase or decrease size of rima glottidis

What does rotation movement of the arytenoid cartilage do?

change length or tension of cords (pitch)

What causes voice production?

length and tension of vocal folds changes the pitch

Loudness of one's voice depends on ____.

force of air across vocal folds

In males, during puberty thyroid cartilage narrows and lengthens - ____.

vocal cords elongate (lower pitch)

What nerve innervates the larynx?

recurrent laryngeal nerve; branch from vagus (CN X)

____ keeps the airway open.

c-shaped cartilage rings

How many cartilage rings are there in the airway?

16-20

In the trachea, the elastin in the wall allows for what?

recoil during exhalation

What is the trachea lined with?

respiratory mucosa

What is the epithelium of the trachea?

ciliated, pseudostratified columnar with Goblet cells

What do cilia do?

move trapped particles in mucus towards pharynx

What two cells/glands both secrete mucus in the trachea?

goblet cells and submucosal glands

What is the bronchial tree?

extensively branching respiratory passageways

How many orders of branching are there in the bronchial tree?

23

What are the largest bronchi?

primary bronchi (main bronchi)

Which main bronchus is wider and shorter than the other?

right

How many secondary lobar bronchi are there in the right lung?

3

How many secondary lobar bronchi are there in the left lung?

2

____ bronchi branch into different lung segments in each lobe.

tertiary

Bronchioles have no ____ in their walls.

cartilage

Where are terminal bronchioles located?

end of conducting zone

In the conducting pathways, cartilage rings are replaced with cartilage ____; then no cartilage in ____.

plates, bronchioles

In the conducting pathway, how does the epithelium change?

first ciliated, psuedostratified colomnar (to end of bronchi), replaced by ciliated, simple colomnar (larger bronchioles), then ciliated, simple cuboidal (smallest bronchioles)

In the conducting pathway, what is the epithelium from the beginning to the end of bronchi?

ciliated, psuedostratified colomnar

In the conducting pathway, what is the epithelium in the larger bronchioles?

ciliated, simple colomnar

In the conducting pathway, what is the epithelium in the smallest bronchioles?

ciliated, simple cuboidal

Why is smooth muscle important in the conducting pathway?

contraction and relaxation changes diameter, regulates airflow to lungs

Where is there smooth muscle in the conducting pathway?

small amount in trachea

What does the smooth muscle in the trachea do?

reduces lumen during coughing

The lungs are separated into ____ segments.

bronchopulmonary

How are the bronchopulmonary segments of the lung separated?

by a thick sheet of connective tissue

What is each bronchopulmonary segment supplied by?

a tertiary (segmental) bronchus