Unit 1 Review (plus a few miscellaneous)

Joseph II

• Holy Roman Emperor

• Enlightened absolutist

• Abolished serfdom

• Took steps toward religious freedom

• Established state control over church

• Abolished death penalty and promoted equality before the law

• Very unpopular because of the rapid radical changes

Maria Theresa

• Habsburg ruler

• The only female Habsburg ruler

• Strengthened empire through administrative, military, and educational reform

• Led Habsburgs through 7 years’ war and war of Austrian succession

War of Austrian Succession

• Frederick II of Prussia challenged Maria Theresa’s right to take the Austrian throne after the death of Charles VI

• Pro-Austria states were Austria, Great Britain, Dutch Republic, Russia, and Saxony

• Disagree with Austria states were Prussia, France, Bavaria, and Spain

• Maria Theresa got to take the throne in the end

Cardinal Richelieu

• Centralized power by taking power from nobles

• Intendant system

• Suppression of Huguenots

• 30 years’ war, fought Spain to weaken Habsburgs

• basically ruled for Louis XIII

German Peasants’ War

• Abolition of serfdom made serfs angry

• Aimed to eliminate high taxes, tithes, and feudal dues

• Demanded religious freedom

• Failed, many peasants brutally slaughtered

• Martin Luther supported peasants at the beginning but switched sides because he didn’t like the peasants using violence

Italian Renaissance

• Rebirth

• Greek and Roman ancient texts were brought back

• European gained access to the texts when they were translated to common languages

• Petrarch created Humanism

• Petrarch took new philogical approaches to texts

• Philology is the study of history and developments of languages

Humanism

• Philosophy that focused on the unlimited potential of humans

Individualism

• Emphasizes triumph of the individual

Renaissance move from religious authority to secular authority

• Moved from Bible to science

• Moved from communal to individualistic thought

Printing press

• The GOAT

• Helped spread Renaissance ideas

• Made people question universities and other powers

• Allowed works to be printed and copied at a speed that was previously unthinkable

• Made by Johannes Gutenberg (Gutenberg Bible)

• Spread ideas of philosophy, Renaissance, and reformation

Educational changes in the Renaissance

• Renaissance scholars introduced humanities into curriculums

• Humanities were based on classical texts

The Courtier

• Men should be skilled in all humanistic disciplines

• Writing, speaking, and physical and mental strength

Civic Humanism

• Idea that educated men should be active and engaged in politics

Leonardo Bruni

• Republican government was best

Christian Humanism

• Combines humanist thought with scriptural authority

Machiavelli

• Wrote “The Prince”

• Basic functions of rulers should be maintaining power at all costs

• Leaders should be sly like a fox and strong like a lion

• Limit to tyranny

• Better to be feared than loved

New art (Renaissance)

• Naturalism (more realistic, portrayed the world as it was)

• Geometric perspective (add depth and realism)

• Started making personal, political, and classical themes

Michelangelo

• Sculpture of David (very detailed, naturalism and idealism)

Brunelleschi

Built one of the first domes in the world on the Florence Cathedral

Artists were patronized by the wealthy

• Medicis are an example of a wealthy family patronizing art

Northern Renaissance

• More religious focused than the secular Italian Renaissance

• Christian Humanism

Erasmus

• Education in classics

• Bible is foundation of societal reform

• “The Praise of Folly”

Protestant Reformation

• Martin Luther

• Disagreements with Catholic Church

• Able to spread ideas because of printing press

Henry VIII

• Disliked the ideas of protestant reformation

• Switched up on Catholicism because he wanted to divorce his wife

• Married his mistress when he got her pregnant but Pope called the marriage illegal

• Henry denounced the Pope and became the new Church of England (also called Anglican Church)

• Passed treason act, which punished those who didn’t recognize the Church of England as the state religion

Mary Tudor

• Henry VIII’s daughter

• Attempted to restore Catholicism to England

• Killed bishops who opposed her

Elizabeth I

• Went back to Anglicanism after Mary Tudor

• Ended persecution of dissenters

• Big step towards religious freedom

New monarchs (Reformation and Renaissance times)

• Established monopolies on tax collection

• Employed military force

• Dispensed justice

• Determined religion of subjects

• Ferdinand and Isabella ( Their marriage ignited the spark for unification of Spain)

• Taxes and Christianity

Concordat of Bologna

• Pope got right to collect income from French Catholic Church

• France retained right to appoint French Catholic Church leaders

• French Catholic leaders were restricted from communicating with the Pope

• More power for king

Peace of Augsburg

• Gave leaders in the Holy Roman Empire the right to decide if their subjects would be Catholic or Lutheran

• Also a means of consolidating power

Banking

• Medicis established banking in Italy and Fuggers established banking in Germany

• Resulted in rise of money economy and close alliance with these groups with the monarch allowed them to exercise increased political power in their respective areas of influence

Exploration

• GOLD, GOD, GLORY

Gold (motivations for exploration)

• Mercantilism

• State with the most gold wins

• Colonies were important to establish mainland with gold and silver, also raw materials for manufacturing goods for sale to bring in more gold

Mercantilism

• Was the dominant economic system of Europe

• Argued that there was a finite amount of wealth in the world and that wealth could be measured in gold and silver

• Stated that countries needed more exports than imports

• Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

• Mercantilism

• A country’s wealth should serve the state

• Proposed policies to make French industries make everything the people needed to make make sure they didn’t need to import

• Wanted to claim as much of North America as possible

God (motivations for exploration)

• Wanted to spread their religion as far as possible

• Spain sent Jesuit missionaries to new world to convert indigenous people to Catholic

• Bartolome De Las Casas worked to establish Catholicism in the Americas while protecting dignity of indigenous people

Glory (motivations for exploration)

• European powers fought to grab as many colonial powers as possible

Advances in technology (exploration)

• Cartography

• New ships

• Compass

• Astrolabe

Portugal in exploration

• First Europeans to seek sea route to Asia

• Sailed all the way around Africa

• Established trading posts all along the coast of Africa

Spain in exploration

• Got Christopher Columbus to find a sea route to Asia

• Columbus decided to cross the Atlantic to try to find Asia but ran into the new world

• Claimed most of Caribbean, Central America, North America, and coast of South America

France in exploration

• Claimed large parts of North America and Canada

• Mostly interested in trading fur

• Didn’t establish any real settlements

England in exploration

• Claimed parts of Canada, Caribbean, and Eastern North America

• Built settlement colonies, where people went to live, not just trade

The Dutch in exploration

• Mainly interested in trade

• Established a few colonies in the Americas, but focused mainly on trade in Southeast Asia

European relationships during exploration

• Treaty of Tordesillas

• Spain and Portugal agreed to divide the Americas by the Line of Demarcation

• Spain got left of the line, Portugal got to the right of the line

• Spain and England both wanted land to the left of the line

• Helped lead to the War of Spanish Succession

• Balance of power was at stake

Columbian exchange

• Global exchange of goods, flora, fauna, cultural practices, and disease between the old world and the New World

• New colonies transformed society, economy, and environment everywhere

• Disease like smallpox were the biggest cause of death for indigenous people

• Hernan Cortes defeated Aztecs with relatively few men because of disease

• New food brought to Europe was maize, tomatoes, potatoes, and cacao

• New food brought to the Americas was rice, wheat, soybeans, rye, oats, lemon, and oranges

• Europeans brought horses, pigs, chickens, and cattle to the Americas

• Tons of gold and silver was taken from former Aztec and Inca territory and brought to Spain

Feudalism

• Peasants lived and worked on the land of a noble in exchange for armed protection

• New wealth from colonies led to the end of feudalism

• Capitalism gradually replaced feudalism

• Capitalism was based on private ownership and a free and open exchange of goods between property owners

African slave trade

• Millions of Africans were forcibly removed from their homes and brought across the Atlantic to work plantations

• Sugar and coffee became more accessible to the middle class and increased the demand for labor

• Natives kept dying from disease so Europeans wanted African slaves since they already had immunity

Encomienda system

• Leading men, called encomiendas, were granted a portion of land

• Natives who lived on that land became unpaid laborers who did farming or mining

• Introduced by Christopher Columbus

The middle passage

• Deliveries of African slaves across the Atlantic

• Took months with horrible conditions

• Lots of death and suffering

Commercial revolution

• Great increase in global commerce during this period that changed the economic fate of Europe

• Rise of money economy

• Goods, services, wages, and investments made with cash instead of minerals

• Joint-stock company

Crop rotation

• Two field system

• Half of the land lays empty for a period of time to replenish nutrients while the other half was planted and harvested

• Three field system

• Crops were planted in two fields in fall and different crops in those two fields in spring

• Third field remained empty every other year

Price revolution

• Increase of silver and gold along with circulation of money caused prices of food and necessities to rise

• Inflation

• Rich people purchased the land called the commons

• Critical peace of land for the peasantry because it was the only place they could raise livestock

Enclosure movement

• Previously open land was being enclosed and shrinking smaller and smaller

• Benefitted landowners but hurt peasants

• Peasants went to cities for work

• Urbanization