AP Psychology Exam Cram Sheet

AP Psychology Exam Cram Sheet Vocabulary Flashcards

Wundt

"Father of Psychology": Introspection

Wertheimer

Gestalt Psychology

Titchner

Structuralism

James

Functionalism

Watson

Behaviorism; "Little Albert Study"

Freud

Psychoanalytic; dream analysis; free association; structure of personality; stages of development; defense mechanisms

Milgram

Obedience; Ethics

Broca

left frontal lobe: associated with expressive language

Wernicke

left frontal lobe: receptive language

Pavlov

Classical conditioning: dogs

Thorndike

Instrumental learning: cats; law of effect

Skinner

Operant conditioning: rats and pigeons; Behaviorist

Tolman

Latent learning; cognitive maps

Bandura

Observational learning: Bobo Dolls, Social-Cognitive Theory

Ebbinghaus

Forgetting: Decay Model

Chomsky

(Native Theorist) Inherent Existence of sets of cognitive structures

Whorf

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

Jung

Collective unconscious; archetypes; Psychoanalytic

Horney

Basic childhood anxiety; Psychoanalytic

Erickson

Life crisis; psycho-social development; Psychoanalytic

Adler

Inferiority Complex; Psychoanalytic

Piaget

Stages of Cognitive Development; Cognitive theorist

Rogers

Client-centered; unconditional positive regard; transactional Analysis

Ellis

Rational Emotive Therapy; Cognitive Theorist

Maslow

Hierarchy of Needs; Humanistic

Binet

I.Q.

Eysenck

Biological model of Personality; Trait-type hierarchy

Harlow

Monkey Studies; Attachment

Lorenz

"Survival of the Fittest Theory" and imprinting

Phineas Gage

Railroad spike; damaged (limbic system), emotions/motivational control center

Beck

Cognitive therapy treating depression

Murray

Need to achieve; TAT

Allport

Trait Approach-cardinal, central, secondary

Cattell

Crystallized Fluid Intelligence

Kelley

Personal Construct Theory

Mishel

Social-learning theory

Gilligan

examined moral differences between boys and girls based on social rules and on ethic of caring and responsibility (turtle and Hare scenario)

General Behaviorism

learning; environmental; nurture

Biological Perspective

physiology; genetics; nature

Cognitive Perspective

mental processes

Psychoanalytic Perspective

unconscious conflicts

Humanistic Perspective

freewill; self-direction; basis goodness of people

Gestalt Perspective

Emphasizes the organization process in behavior. Focuses on problem of perception

Psychoanalysis

Alleviate unconscious conflicts a) Free association b) Dream analysis c) Transference d) Symptom substitution

Behavior Therapy

application of learning principles a) Systematic desensitization 1) In vivo desensitization 2) Counter-conditioning b) Flooding- real event c) Implosive therapy- imagine the event d) Aversion therapy

Cognitive-Behavior Therapy

thoughts and behavior a) Cognitive therapy- used for depression; requires the restructuring of persons invalid perceptions of self, future and the world or experience b) modeling and role play c) Rational-emotive therapy-forces a more realistic look in the evaluating circumstances

Humanistic Therapy

focuses on getting the person to accept the responsibility for their improvement a) Rogers' client-centered therapy 1) unconditioned positive regard

Biomedical Treatment

includes medical procedures and medication that can help alleviate symptoms of psychological disorders 1) Psychosurgery (ablation) -Surgical destruction of involved brain tissue 2) Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) -Major depression 3) Psychopharmacological treatment A) Neuroleptics (antipsychotics) i.e. Thorine, Holdol, Clozeril B) Antidepressants i.e. Tricylis compounds, selective serotonin reuptuke inhibitors, Prozac C) Lithium Carbonate (treat bipolar disorder) D) Anxiolytics (anti anxiety) such as Valium or other benzodiazepines

Independent variable

manipulated by experimenter

Dependent variable

assumed to be affected by IV; measured

Confounding variable

other variables hat may influence results

Experiment group

exposed to manipulation of independent variable

Control group

an unaffected comparison group

Subject bias

a subject's behavior changes due to believed expectations of experiment

Researcher bias

expectations influence what is recorded

Double-blind technique

control for bias by keeping placement of subject secret

Placebo

inactive substance unknowingly given in place of drug

Weber's law

just noticeable difference

Young-Helmholtz Color Theory

(trichromatic theory)- color determined by he relative activity in red, blue, or green sensitive cones

Opponent-Process Color Theory

Color information is organized into 3 antagonistic pairs

Place Theory

relates perceived pitch to region

Frequency Theory

related pitch to the frequency of sound waves and frequency of neuron firing

Facial Feedback hypothesis

sensations from the face provide cues to the brain that help us determine what emotion we are feeling (Ekman)

Statistical Significance

.05 chance accounts for results less then 5% of the time

Template-Matching Theory

stored copies

Prototype-Matching Theory

recognition involves comparison

Feature-Analysis Theory

patterns are represented and recognized by distinctive features

Restorative Theory

We sleep in order to replenish

Adaptive Nonresponding Theory

sleep and inactivity have survived value

Activation-Synthesis hypothesis

dreams are products of spontaneous neural activity

Thorndike's Law of effect

reward and punishment encourages and discourages responding; Thorndike

Premack principle

states that any high-probability behavior can be used as a reward for any lower- probability behavior

Continuity vs. Discontinuity

theories of development, nature vs. nurture

Serial position phenomenon

sequence influences recall

Primacy effect

enhanced memory for items presented earlier

Recency effect

enhanced memory for items presented last

Decay theory

forgetting caused by learning similar materials proactive-initially retroactive-previously

Linguistic relativity hypothesis

person's language determines and limits a persons experiences

Hull's drive-reduction model

motivation arises out of need

Cognitive consistency theory

cognitive inconsistencies create tension and thus motivate the organism

Festinger's Cognitive dissonance theory

reconcile cognitive discrepancies

Arousal Theories

we all have optimal levels of stimulation that we try to maintain

Yerkes-Dodson law

arousal will increase performances up to a point, then further increases will impair performance; inverted U function

Incentive theory

behavior is pulled rather then pushed

James-Lange theory

emotion is caused by bodily changes

Cannon-Bard's Thalamic theory

emotional expression caused by simultaneous changing bodily event thoughts and feelings

Schachter's Cognitive-Physiological Theory

bodily changes, current stimuli, events, and memories combine to determine behavior

Attribution theory

explains how people make inferences about the causes of behavior; personal or situational; self-serving bias

Deindividuation

loss of self-restraint that occurs out of anonymity

Contact theory

proposes that equal-status contact between antagonistic groups should lower tension and bring harmony

Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome

(GAS) emergency reaction to stressful situations Alarm reaction, resistance and exhaustion

Lazaru's Cognitive-Psychological Model

emphasizes the process of appraisal (primary and secondary) as the primary determinant of stress

Personal Construct Theory

unique system of reality

Deinstitutionalization

occurred because of changes in political policy and development of new drug therapies

Ainsworth's Strange Situation

looked at attachment in young children to their parents

Hawthorne Effect

people change their behavior when they think that they're being observed

Bystander effect

people are less likely to help when several people witness an emergency due to diffusion of responsibility, thinking that someone else can be responsible

Social facilitation

tendency to do better on well-learned tasks when another person is present

Social loafing

reduction in effort by individuals when they work in groups compared to by themselves

Risky shift

groups often arrive at riskier decisions than do individuals