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visceral (organ) motor system
involuntary control of effectors
what effectors does the visceral (organ) motor system involuntary control
glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle
visceral reflexes
unconscious, autonomic, stereotyped responses of visceral effectors to stimuli
example of visceral reflexes
a rise in blood pressure triggers a reflexive decrease in heart rate
what is the sympathetic division
“flight or fight” responses for increased physical activity
what does the sympathetic division do
increases heart rate and blood glucose
reduces blood flow to skin and GI tract
what is the parasympathetic division
“rest and digest” responses with calming effects
what does the parasympathetic division do
decreases heart rate
stimulates digestion and waste elimination
autonomic tone
balance between activity of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
what are the two neural pathways
preganglionic fiber and postganglionic fiber
what is the preganglionic fiber
neurosoma in brainstem or spinal cord
what does the axon do in preganglionic fiber
axon terminates in ganglion
what is the postganglionic fiber
neurosoma in ganglion
what does the axon do in postganglionic fiber
axon extends to target
what effector is in somatic nervous system
skeletal muscle
what effector is in autonomic nervous system
glands, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle
how is somatic nervous system controlled
usually voluntary
how is the autonomic nervous system controlled
usually involuntary
what is the efferent pathway in somatic nervous system
one nerve fiber from CNS to effector; no ganglia
what is the efferent pathway in autonomic nervous system
two nerve fibers from CNS to effector; synapse at ganglion
what is the effect on target cells in somatic nervous system
always excitatory
what is the effect on target cells in autonomic nervous system
excitatory or inhibitory
what is the origin in the CNS for sympathetic division
thoracolumbar
what is the origin in CNS for parasympathetic divion
craniosacral
what is the location of ganglia in the sympathetic division
paravertebral ganglia adjacent to spinal column and prevertebral ganglia anterior to it
sympathetic chain ganglia (paravertebral ganglia) from cervical to coccygeal levels
what is the location of ganglia in the parasympathetic division
terminal ganglia near or within target organs
what are the fiber lengths in the sympathetic division
short preganglionic long postganglionic
what are the fiber lengths in the parasympathetic division
long preganglionic short postganglionic
how is the effects of system in sympathetic division
often widespread and general
how is the effects of system in parasympathetic division
more local and specific
thoracolumbar division
preganglionic neurosomas are in lateral horns of spinal cord
what is the enteric nervous system
nervous system of the digestive tract
what does the enteric nervous system do
innervates smooth muscle and glands
what does the enteric nervous system regulate
motility of the esophagus, stomach, and intestines
secretion of digestive enzymes and acid
horner syndrome
unilateral pupillary constriction, sagging of eyelid, and flushing of skin
what division are lesions from in horner syndrome
sympathetic division
raynaud disease
paleness, cyanosis, and pain in digits when cold or stressed due to excessive vasoconstriction
who does raynaud disease affect
most common in young women
what are the divisions of the ANS
sympathetic and parasympathetic
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