Hormonal Regulation and Glucose Homeostasis in NUR2250

Hormone

Chemical messenger produced by endocrine glands.

Endocrine gland

Gland that secretes hormones into the bloodstream.

Target tissue

Specific tissue that responds to a hormone.

Negative feedback system

Regulates hormone secretion based on body needs.

Insulin

Hormone that lowers blood glucose levels.

Glucagon

Hormone that raises blood glucose levels.

Pancreatic islets

Clusters of cells producing hormones in the pancreas.

Alpha cells

Cells that produce glucagon in the pancreas.

Beta cells

Cells that produce insulin in the pancreas.

Delta cells

Cells that secrete somatostatin in the pancreas.

Glycogenolysis

Conversion of glycogen back to glucose.

Gluconeogenesis

Production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.

Hyperglycemia

Elevated blood glucose levels above normal range.

Hypoglycemia

Low blood glucose levels below 70 mg/dL.

Ketoacidosis

Acidosis due to high ketone bodies from fat breakdown.

Cortisol

Steroid hormone released during stress or low glucose.

Glycosated hemoglobin (HgbA1C)

Test measuring average blood glucose over three months.

Normal blood glucose range

74-106 mg/dL fasting; 100-140 mg/dL postprandial.

Processed food impact

Increased diabetes risk due to high sugar consumption.

Dietary sugar limits

24g/day for women; 36g/day for men.

Pancreatic lipase

Enzyme aiding in fat digestion.

Secretin

Hormone triggering bicarbonate secretion to neutralize chyme.

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Hormone stimulating digestive enzyme release.

Symptoms of hypoglycemia

Weakness, dizziness, hunger, blurred vision, palpitations.