Chapter 17: Carboxylic acids and their derivatives

Carboxylic acid

________ is a compound that has a carbonyl group bonded to an ¬OH group, RCOOH.

Dacron

________ is an example of a polyester, while Nylon is an example of a polyamide.

Ester

________ is a compound that has a carbonyl group bonded to an ¬OR′ group, RCOOR′.

Esterification

________ is the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid to yield an ester plus water.

¬OH groups

It may be esterified at one, two, or all three of its ________ by reaction with an alcohol.

sodium

With strong bases, such as ________ hydroxide, a carboxylic acid reacts to give water and a carboxylic acid salt.

Compounds

________ with a nitrogen directly attached to the carbonyl carbon atom are amides.

Amides

________ are extremely stable in water but do undergo hydrolysis with prolonged heating in the presence of acids or bases.

Saponification

________ is the reaction of an ester with aqueous hydroxide ion to yield an alcohol and the metal salt (usually sodium or potassium) of a carboxylic acid.

Polyesters

________ and polyamides are formed when a dicarboxylic acid is allowed to react with either a dialcohol or a diamine, respectively.

Volatile acids

________ have strong, sharp odours while volatile esters have pleasant, fruity odours.

carboxylic acids

Since ________, esters, and amides all contain a carbonyl carbon atom (C= O) bonded either to an oxygen or to a nitrogen, they are all polar.

Amide

________ is a compound that has a carbonyl group bonded to a nitrogen- atom group, RCONR′ 2, where the R′ groups may be alkyl groups or hydrogen atoms.

Esters

________ and amides are made from carboxylic acids.

Carboxylic acids

________, primary amides, and secondary amides exhibit strong hydrogen bonding to one another; esters and tertiary amides do not hydrogen bond to one another.

carboxylic acids

All ________ and their derivatives, however, can still hydrogen bond to water molecules.

acyl group

The portion of the carboxylic acid that does not change during a carbonyl-group substitution reaction

carboxylate anion

anion that results from ionization of a carboxylic acid, RCOO-