Ap government unit 3

Bill of Rights

Guaranteed the protection of liberties and rights by explicitly listing them.

Wall of Separation

A clear divide between church and state as stated by Jefferson.

The Lemon Test

Tested state violations of the Establishment Clause, determining if state funding of private schools causes 'excessive entanglement'.

Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)

Key case defining protected symbolic speech in schools.

Defamatory Speech

False statements that cause harm or violence to an individual.

Prior Restraint

The right to stop printed and spoken expression before it occurs.

District of Columbia v. Heller (2008)

Key case regarding individual rights to bear arms under the Second Amendment.

Selective Incorporation

The SCOTUS process of applying certain Bill of Rights provisions to the states.

Exclusionary Rule

Evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment can be excluded from trial.

Right to Privacy

The protection of individual privacy and lifestyle, established in cases like Griswold v. Connecticut.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

An organization aimed at advancing the rights of African Americans.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Landmark legislation that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

Affirmative Action

Policies designed to improve opportunities for historically marginalized groups.

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Key case that established a woman's right to choose an abortion under the right to privacy.

Eighth Amendment

Protects against cruel and unusual punishment and excessive fines.

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

Key case regarding the constitutionality of school-sponsored prayer.

Miranda v. Arizona

Established that detained criminal suspects must be informed of their rights.