________ are always on the left of the pyramid and females are on the right.
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death rates
Birth and ________ converge to result in limited population growth and population decline.
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Negative RNI
________ means the population has shrunk.
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phase of development
The ________ is directly followed by a stabilization of population growth as the procreation rates decline.
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Population growth involves two main concepts
rate of natural increase (RNI) and the demographic equation
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high birth rates
rural agricultural Third-World countries
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low birth rates
urbanized industrial and service-based economies
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ex
total number of infants born living is counted for one calendar year and then calculated
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CBR
Number of Live Births/Total Population x 1,000
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high death rates
a country that is experiencing war, disease, or famine, such as poor Third-World countries experiencing poverty, poor nutrition, epidemic disease, and a lack of medical care
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Green Revolution
(increased food and nutrition) and access to sanitation, education, and health care
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CDR
Number of Deaths/Total Population x 1,000
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reduced fecundity
when the majority of women are heavily engaged in business, they are far less likely to have children
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Ex
a country with a high rate of natural increase can have an unexpectedly low long-term population prediction if there is a large amount of emigration
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Doubling Time
how long it would take for a country to double in size
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formula
70Rate of Natural Increase
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To estimate the RNI for each year in the future by examining a countrys position
(Pop
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Net Migration Rate (NMR)
the number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants for every thousand members of the population; can be negative
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Population Growth Percentage Rate = (Birth Rate
Death Rate) + Net Migration Rate/10%
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formula
Number of Children Born/Women Aged 15 to 45
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ex
we can estimate a population projection that the planets population has reached only about two-thirds of its potential
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ex
an animal population that receives a vast amount of food or removes predators from their habitat will result rapid population growth followed by a plateau or decline due to a population reaching or exceeding the areas carrying capacity
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result
little population growth until the later part of stage one when death rates begin to decline; RNI is generally low or negative
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ex
in the United States, services are 80 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP) and manufacturing is only 20 percent
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Zero population growth (ZPG) (RNI of 0.0 percent)
birth rates reach the same level as death rates
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interregional, or internal, migrants
those who move from one region of the country to another
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transnational migration
occurs when migrants move from one country to another
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forced migration
people may be taken or coerced from their homes for forced labor through human trafficking or enslavement
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undocumented immigrants
people who come seeking refuge or employment opportunities but do not have government authorization
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amnesty programs
allow undocumented immigrants the opportunity to apply for official status or citizenship without facing arrest or deportation
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step migration
occurs when people move up in a hierarchy of locations, with each move to a more advantageous or economically prosperous place
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chain migration
occurs when a pioneering individual or group settles in a new place, establishing a new migrant foothold
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life-course changes
when people move because of major changes in the course of their lives**
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(ex
armed conflict, environmental pollution, increased land costs)
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(ex
job opportunities, medical care, education, service access, entertainment)
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birth rate; natality
the crude birth rate (CBR) and an annual statistic
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crude birth rate (CBR)
Number of Live Births/Total Population x 1,000
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death rate; mortality
the crude death rate (CDR) and an annual statistic calculated in the same way as the birth rate
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green revolution
increased food and nutrition and access to sanitation, education, and health care
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crude death rate (CDR)
Number of Deaths/Total Population x 1,000
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rate of natural increase (RNI); natural increase rate (NIR)
the annual percentage of population growth of that country for that one-year period Birth Rate - Death Rate/10%
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negative RNI
population shrinkage
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reduced fecundity
when the majority of women are heavily engaged in business, they are far less likely to have children
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doubling time
how long it would take for a country to double in size
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Net Migration Rate (NMR)
the number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants for every thousand members of the population; can be negative
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Total fertility rate (TFR)
the estimated average number of children born to each female of birthing age (15 to 45)
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replacement rate
a TFR of 2.1
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dependency ratio
provides the number of people too young or too old to work compared to the number of people in the work force
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demographic transition model (DTM)
a theory of how population changes over time and provides insights into issues of migration, fertility, economic development, industrialization, urbanization, labor, politics, and the role of women
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epidemiological transition model (ETM)
a model that specifically accounts for development due to the increasing population growth rates caused by medical advances
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Stage One (DTM)
historically characterized by pre-agricultural societies engaged in subsistence farming and transhumance; fluctuating birth and death rates
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Stage Two (DTM)
typically agriculturally based economies; high birth rates; declining death rates
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Stage Three (DTM)
historically where most “industrialized” or manufacturing-based countries were found in the transition; birth and death rates decline due to urbanization
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NIC countries
characterized by economies that focus on manufacturing as the primary form of economic production and employment
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Stage Four & Five (DTM)
service industries like finance, insurance, real estate, health care, and communications that drive the economy; birth and death rates converge to result in limited population growth and population decline
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zero population growth (ZPG)
birth rates reach the same level as death rates (RNI of 0.0 percent)
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Malthusian Theory
states that the global population would one day expand to the point where it could not produce enough food to feed everyone
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Reasons Neo-Malthusians warn that a Malthusian catastrophe could still occur:
graphical way to visualize the population structure of a country or place as well as the gender and age distribution of the population
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arithmetic density
the number of people per square unit of land
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physiologic density
the number of people per square unit of farmland
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population center
found by averaging the spatial weight of population across the country
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overpopulation
too much population; a major concern both in resource-poor regions and across the globe
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migrants
those who voluntarily move from location to location
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internal/interregional migrants
those who move from one region of the country to another
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transnational migration
occurs when migrants move from one country to another
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forced migration
people who may be taken or coerced from their homes for forced labor through human trafficking or enslavement
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undocumented immigrants
people who come seeking refuge or employment opportunities but do not have government authorization
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amnesty programs
programs that allow undocumented immigrants the opportunity to apply for official status or citizenship without facing arrest or deportation
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step migration
occurs when people move up in a hierarchy of locations, with each move to a more advantageous or economically prosperous place
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chain migration
occurs when a pioneering individual or group settles in a new place, establishing a new migrant foothold
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life-course changes
when people move because of major changes in the course of their lives
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push factors
specific things about the rural agricultural landscape and livelihood that force people off the farm (ex: armed conflict, environmental pollution, increased land costs)
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pull factors
specific things about cities that draw people to the urban landscape (ex: job opportunities, medical care, education, service access, entertainment)
Studied by 6 people
