World History Semester 1 Final

artifact

something that can be used to learn about early humans

paleolithic age

more hunters

domestication

adapting wild animals for human use

neolithic revolution

agricultural revolution

Hammurabi's code

united mesopotamia under babylonians

laws for babylon

• allowed for everyone to know the rules

• unify expanding empire

Summarize steps from Neolithic Revolution to Complex Civilization

1. River Valleys; They need water before they can do anything else

2. Agriculture (Domestication of Plants and Animals)

3. Surplus of Food

4. Better Diet

5. Longer Lifespan

6. More population

7. Division and specialization of Labor

How did the Neolithic Revolution allow civilizations to grow?

They were able to settle in one area because they could grow their own food.

Allowed more families to have kids and increase the population

This meant there was more food to feed more people.

Five characteristics of civilization with example

1. Advanced Cities

   Large group of people living together

   City is center of trade for area

   City dependent on trade

2. City dependent on trade

   Development of skills in specific type of work

   Not everyone farming

   Allowed time for people to become experts in other areas

3. Complex Institutions

   Institution -> long lasting pattern of organization

   Government, economy, religion

4. Record keeping

   As life became more complex people saw a need for record keeping

   As life became more complex people saw a need for record keeping

   Cuneiform → writing/record keeping in Sumer

   Eventually kept track of events

5. Improved Tech

   Solve problems for lots of people living together

   Sumer transitioned from Copper Age to Bronze Age

indo-europeans

group of nomadic people from north of the Caucasus mountains

Confucianism

• have respect for your friendships

• values relationships, order, and education

• good moral character

legalism

order is very important and you will be harshly punished for disobeying

Shi Huangdi

first emperor of China

In what ways are Buddhism and Hinduism different?

Hinduism:

Caste System

Many Gods (different forms of one God)

Combination of Beliefs

Buddhism:

Rejected Caste System

No belief in personal god

Founded by one person

Totalitarian Aspects and Attitudes of Shi Huangdi's rule

Created a system of Spying to keep an eye on all people

Took feudal lords to the castle and made them surrender their weapons

Called for burning of books

Why did Legalism prevail as a way to end warring states period

Easily kept people in line

People scared to get caught rebelling because harsh punishments would ensue

democracy

no rulers so no one is above anyone else

every person holds power and makes laws

oligarchy

few powerful people

aristocracy

wealthy families held power

alexander the great

king of macedonia

overthrew the persian empire

laid the foundation for the Hellenistic world of territoial kingdoms

What challenges did geography create for the settlement in Greece?

mountains:

• isolated people trades -> no central trade

• transportation was difficult

land:

• little water for irrigation so little population

sea:

• lacked natural resources so trade was crucial

What are the major aspects of Athens' government

Democracy→ rule by the people

Participation

At first, all citizens

Limited to free adult males and wealthy women

What are the major aspects of Athens' social structure

Formal education

• Wealthy sons

• Prepared to be citizens

• Women → little to do with life outside of family and home

Athletics

• Train and develop the body to defend Athens

• Olympics

Values

• Learning arts, literature, and beauty

What are the major aspects of Sparta's government

Military State

Elected officials and voted on major issues

What are the major aspects of Sparta's social structure

Social Order

• Landowners → rulers

• Free, non citizens → commerce and industry

• Helots → manual labor

Education

• Military training for boys

• Focus on strength and discipline

• More freedom for women

Values

• Military Duty

• Sparta above everything

• No focus on arts or literature

Why was there a lack of unity among Greek city-states before Alexander the Great's conquests?

peloponnesian war

• 30 years of city states fighting weakened military and economy

republic

a form of giv in which power rests with citizens who vote for their leaders

punic wars

rome vs carthage

carthage was a great city on the north coast of africa

they were a threat to rome beacsue they wanted to take control of the mediterranean sea

(rome won)

hannibal

he crossed the alps

carthagian general during second punic war

Julius Caesar

Generals who took control of power

Caesar’s Reforms

• Absolute ruler

• Granted citizenship to foreigners

• Expanded the Senate

• Created jobs through public work programs

• Increased pay for soldiers

augustus

united rome as an empire

• civil servant system kept empire moving smoothly

Stronger Empire:

Central government

Stable trade and communication

Through state control, achievements were made

• Architecture

• Engineering

• Arts

Pax Romana

Roman Peace

200 year Golden Age

Fewer wars than any other period in Rome’s History

What two societal groups emerged within the Republic?

Patricians

• Wealthy landowners

• Held most of the power

Plebeians

• Common people (farmers and merchants)

• Majority of the population

The governmental organization of the Republic

Top Tier:

Consults

Middle Tier:

Senate

Tribunes

Bottom Tier:

Centuriate Assembly

Tribal Assembly

What caused the Republic to collapse?

economic difficulties

agriculture

military

barbarian invaders

internal problems that led to the fall of the Roman Empire

Economic Difficulties

• Rome stopped expanding

• No new wealth

• Raised taxes

• Struggles to pay for army

• Cost of education increases

• People grew less informed

• Care less about civic duty

Agriculture

• Harvests fail

• Food shortage

• Disease spread

• Population decreases

Military

• Less money to pay army

• Soldiers became less discipled and loyal

• Hired mercenaries (barbarians)

External problems that led to the fall of the Roman Empire

Barbarian Invaders

• Foreign groups swarming around Rome’s borders

• Rome was too large to protects all its borders

• Germanic people pushed way into Roman lands

• Looking for better kand

• Gain some of Rome’s wealth

• Trying to escape from the Huns in Asia

What was necessary to help Christianity spread?

Jesus's appeal to the pope

Ignored wealth and status

Paul’s conversion

Letters to believers

Followers dont have to be jewish

Pax Romana

Roads

Common language

Constantine’s Edict of Milan

Approved religion of Rome

Cultural Diffusion

Process by which an object or an idea from cultures spreads to different cultures

Qu'ran

The Holy Book of Islam

Muhammad

Creator of Islam

What continents were affected by the spread of Islam and Christianity?

Africa, Asia, Europe

Muhammad's role in developing Islam

He received the word from Allah in a cave (through the angel gabriel) and began to tell his friends and family

Muhammad's role in spreading Islam

His followers created the Quran from his teachings and revelations

What are the five diffusion categories we discussed in class?

1. Technology

2. Trade

3. Conquest

4. Foreign Study

5. Migration

What are 3 ways Islamic civilization spread to encompass such an extensive empire? Can you explain two of the ways?

Trade:

Many trade routes crossed through Mecca

Allowed for Islam to travel through word of mouth and travelers sharing Islam

Conquest:

Islam’s military conquered other groups

Shared beliefs with them

Migration:

Muslims moved from the east to the west

Brought their beliefs with them

Justinian Code

Uniform legal code made by Justinian

Feudalism

A political and economic system based on landholding and protective alliances , emerged

Lay investiture

Kings and nobles appointed bishops

Excommunication

You couldn't receive the sacraments therefore you can't go to heaven

How is the manor considered a "self-sufficient economic unit"?

It provides for the need of everyone on the manor

Everything is either grown or made there

Serfs would do the labor in exchange for protection and food

What are the effects of the invasions of Western Europe? Know three examples.

Disruption of trade

Collapse of cities and governments

People were no longer loyal to the states, but to individuals who could protect them

Population shifted to rural areas

Decline in learning

Loss of common language

Creation of Romantic Languages