Transcription and Translation

Gene Expression

-    the central dogma of molecular biology

-    plays a crucial role in animal genetics and breeding

Transcription

-    process by which the cell uses the DNA to form RNA

-    occurs in the nucleus and mitochondria

-    process of making an RNA copy of a single gene

Promoter

starts at a region of DNA called a

Initiation

-    Locating the initiation point and unwind the DNA double helix

Consensus Sequence

Most common sequence of DNA nucleotides found on the promoter region

Elongation

-    When RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA

Termination

-    happens once the polymerase transcribes a sequence of DNA known as a terminator

Translation

-     The transfer of biological information from the 4 nucleotide code of nucleic acids (A,C,G,T) into the 20 AA code of proteins.

Marker-Assisted Selection

-    Using genetic markers (specific DNA sequences) to identify animals with desirable traits

-    Markers indicate variation in genes that affect protein synthesis.

Gene Selection

-    Choosing animals with desirable genetic traits for breeding.

Gene Editing

-    Direct modification of an animal’s DNA to introduce or remove traits.

Missense, Nonsense, Silent

Point Mutations

Insertion & Deletion

Frameshift Mutation