Binge Intoxication & Positive Reinforcement

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4 Terms

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Stages of Addiction

  1. Binge-Intoxication.

  2. Withdrawal-Negative Affect.

  3. Preoccupation-Anticipation.

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major dopamine pathways

  1. Nigrostriatal: Substantia Nigra to dStriatum

  2. Mesolimbic: Ventral Tegmental Area to Limbic System (including, vStriatum/NAc, amygdala, hippocampus).

  3. Mesocortical: Ventral Tegmental Area to Prefrontal Cortex.

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the role of DA in the vStriatum

  1. Hedonics: subjective experience of pleasure.

  2. Incentive Salience: Sensory stimuli acquire strong motivational properties, and goal-directed actions aimed at obtaining incentives.

  3. Learning/cognition: Expectation (based on experience) that a particular action will lead to attainment of an incentive (reward expectancy); Strengthening of specific stimulus-response deliver of incentive (reward learning).

  4. Reward Prediction: encodes reward-prediction error

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States of Dopamine cells in the VTA

  1. Hyperpolarization. Completely inhibited, will not fire action potential.

  2. Tonic Firing. Irregular action potentials.

  3. Phasic/Burst Firing. High-level activation, resulting from afferents to the VTA (primarily GABAergic). Related to reward signaling.