NCM 105 Midterm exam

Physiological Changes in Pregnancy

Include altered metabolism, gastrointestinal, blood volume, and weight changes affecting nutrition.

Metabolic Changes in Pregnancy

Basal metabolic rate increases 15-20%; higher oxygen demand; altered nutrient metabolism; gestational diabetes risk.

Gastrointestinal Changes in Pregnancy

Nausea, vomiting, constipation, and reflux from hormonal relaxation of smooth muscles.

Blood Volume Changes in Pregnancy

Water and blood volume increase more than RBC count, causing physiologic anemia; mild edema normal.

Weight Gain in Pregnancy

Results from fetal and maternal tissue growth; recommended 15-35 lbs depending on BMI.

Nutritional Adjustment During Pregnancy

Increased calories, protein, vitamins, and minerals needed for maternal and fetal growth.

Calorie Needs in Pregnancy

+500 kcal during 2nd and 3rd trimesters; 36 kcal/kg body weight daily.

Protein Needs in Pregnancy

68g/day adults, 73g adolescents; 2/3 animal sources; supports growth of fetus, placenta, and maternal tissue.

Vitamin Needs in Pregnancy

Increase vitamins A, C, D, B-complex, folate, and K to prevent anemia and birth defects.

Mineral Needs in Pregnancy

Adequate calcium, iron (27mg/day), and iodine for blood and bone development.

Food Guidance for Pregnancy

Eat nutrient-dense meals regularly, drink fluids, limit caffeine, avoid alcohol and unsafe foods.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Birth defects and mental retardation caused by maternal alcohol consumption.

Artificial Sweeteners in Pregnancy

Saccharin crosses the placenta and may remain in fetal tissue.

Avoiding Foodborne Illness in Pregnancy

Avoid unpasteurized milk, undercooked meat, raw sprouts, and high-mercury fish.

Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy

Eat dry carbohydrates before rising, avoid fatty/spicy foods, drink fluids between meals.

Constipation in Pregnancy

Increase fiber, fluids, and exercise; avoid inactivity and low-fiber diets.

Heartburn in Pregnancy

Eat small frequent meals, avoid lying down after eating, and eliminate gastric distention.

PICA

Eating of non-food items like dirt or ice, leading to nutrient deficiencies.

Gestational Diabetes

High blood glucose during pregnancy; control with balanced diet and carbohydrate management.

Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension

Managed with calcium, vitamins C & E, sodium restriction, magnesium and zinc supplements.

Lactation

Milk production period initiated by prolactin; supports mother and infant health.

Colostrum

Thick yellow fluid from day 2-5 postpartum, high in protein, antibodies, and minerals.

Foremilk and Hindmilk

Foremilk is low-fat early milk; hindmilk is fat-rich milk signaling feeding completion.

Nutritional Adjustment During Lactation

Increased calories, protein, calcium, vitamin D, and fluids; avoid alcohol and excess caffeine.

Factors Impairing Lactation

Poor diet, fatigue, stress, drugs, contraceptives, caffeine, alcohol, smoking.

Contraindications to Breastfeeding

HIV, galactosemia, TB, breast cancer, and use of prohibited drugs.

Infancy

Period from birth to 12 months marked by rapid growth and dependence on milk for nutrition.

Infant Formula

Iron-fortified milk substitute used when breastfeeding is not possible; soy-based for lactose intolerance.

Formula Feeding Tips

Feed slowly, burp, avoid overfeeding or bottle-feeding in bed; maintain hygiene.

Introducing Solid Food

Start at 4-6 months when reflexes mature; begin with cereals and pureed fruits/vegetables.

Tips in Introducing Solids

Feed upright, introduce one food at a time, avoid honey and peanuts, offer finger foods.

Infant Calorie Needs

350-500 kcal at birth; up to 1200 kcal by one year.

Infant Protein Needs

1.5-2.5 g/kg/day; supports rapid growth and tissue building.

Infant Vitamin Needs

Vitamin D from sunlight; vitamins A and B6 essential for growth.

Infant Water Needs

2.5 oz per pound of body weight daily.

Infant Constipation

Add sugar or fiber-rich foods if needed.

Colic

Prolonged infant crying due to abdominal pain.

Nutrition During School Age

Period of steady physical and rapid intellectual development; requires balanced diet.

School Age Calorie Needs

1000-2000 kcal/day depending on age and activity.

School Age Vitamin Needs

Increase vitamin D for bone growth.

School Age Mineral Needs

1300mg calcium, 8-18mg iron (higher for girls).

Healthy Diet for School Age

Balanced meals, physical activity, limited junk food, parental role modeling.

Feeding Problems in School Age

Poor appetite, preference for sweets, and junk food consumption.

Adolescence

Transition period between childhood and adulthood characterized by growth spurts and hormonal changes.

Girls' Growth Pattern

Begins at 10-11 years, peaks at 12, stops by 15; increased fat storage.

Boys' Growth Pattern

Begins at 12-13 years, peaks at 14, stops by 19; increased muscle and bone mass.

Adolescent Calorie Needs

1800-3200 kcal/day based on activity level and sex.

Adolescent Nutrient Needs

Increased protein, vitamins, calcium, iron, iodine, and zinc for growth and maturation.

Calcium Deficiency in Adolescents

Low milk intake increases risk for osteoporosis; consume yogurt, cheese, fortified juice.

Dieting and Eating Disorders

Skipping meals or fad diets common; risk for anorexia or bulimia.

Tobacco and Alcohol Use in Adolescents

Negatively affect nutrition and growth; must be discouraged.

Hormonal Contraceptive Use

Progestin-based pills may increase appetite and weight; nutrition monitoring recommended.

Sports Nutrition in Adolescents

15-20% of calories should come from protein; monitor iron loss during exercise.

Adulthood

Period of full growth and maturity; nutrition focuses on health maintenance and disease prevention.

Physiological Changes in Adulthood

Gradual loss of muscle mass, metabolic slowing, and sensory decline.

Gastrointestinal Changes in Adults

Reduced saliva, digestive enzymes, and intestinal motility causing constipation.

Metabolic Changes in Adults

Increased body fat, decreased glucose metabolism, slower metabolism.

CNS Changes in Adults

Tremors, slower reflexes, memory loss, cognitive decline.

Renal Changes in Adults

Reduced filtration and waste removal capacity.

Sensory Changes in Adults

Diminished smell, taste, hearing, vision, and thirst perception.

Calorie Needs in Adults

Lowered due to decreased BMR; 1600-2800 kcal depending on activity and sex.

Protein Needs in Adults

63g (male), 50g (female); maintain nitrogen balance at 0.7-1 g/kg/day.

Fluid Needs in Adults

Minimum 1500ml/day or 30ml/kg to maintain hydration.

Iron Needs in Adults

May decrease absorption due to medication and stomach acid reduction; deficiency risk.

Calcium Needs in Adults

1200mg/day; prevents colon cancer, hypertension, and osteoporosis.

Magnesium Needs in Adults

420mg (men), 320mg (women); needed for bones, nerves, and glucose metabolism.

Vitamin Needs in Adults

Vitamin D synthesis reduced; vitamin B12 absorption impaired with age.

Healthy Diet for Adults

Eat whole grains, fruits, vegetables, lean meat, nuts; limit salt, sugar, and processed food.

Dehydration in Elderly

Leads to confusion and lethargy; often overlooked.

Osteoarthritis

Joint disorder causing pain and disability due to aging and calcium deficiency.

Osteoporosis

Bone loss condition from poor calcium intake and posture.

Decreased Immunity in Elderly

Due to low protein intake, leading to infections and delayed healing.