Option E

sports + leisure

Leisure

Leisure

activities done when not working for the purpose of amusement, fun or pleasure. can be informal and short lasting or formal and long lasting, passive, time passing and health enhancing

Sport

a physical activity with a set of customs and rules can be competitive or not

Tourism

travel away from home for at least an hour for the purpose of leisure

Luxury tourism

exclusive services and high-end experiences

personalised services,gourmet dining, opulent accomodation

Budget tourism

cost conscious travellers, backpackers, hostels and low cost carriers. local culture and unique destinations

Niche Tourism

refers to the special interests, culture and/or activity based tourism involving small number of toursists in authentic settings 5 types

cultural

environmental

rural

urband

others

cultural tourism

heritage tribal religious educational genalogy and research

environmental tourism

nature and wildlife, ecotourism, adventure, alpine, geotourism, coastal

rural tourism

farm/barn, camping, wine, sport, festival and events arts and crafts

urban tourism

business conference, exhbiiton, gallery, sport

others niche tourism

photography, transport, youth etc

case study: galapagos islands

purpose: eco tourism experiencing the unique diverse ecosystem of the Galapgos Island which inspired Charles Darwin

costing mid range 8 day cruise $3000-6000 where as costing luxury is +$10000

case study: maldives

average room price is $2000-3000 per night

for overwater villas, exclusive dinning, personalised services, wllness service and marine services

case study: europe contiki

for global travel adventure for people aged 18-35

budget trips start at $100 per day for shorter trips (7-10days) and increases to $200 per day for longer trips (2-3)

case study: se easia

extremely popular amonst backpackers due to affordabillity, culture, nightlife and affordabillity

Mass Tourism

Definition: the movement of a large number of organized tourists to a popular holiday destination for recreational purposes standardized package products.

· Cost: Luxury (resorts), Mid Range & Budget

· Duration: Short Term (7-14 days)

· Destination: Domestic and/or International

Niche Tourism

Definition: appeals to a small number of people who are especially interested in something ·

Examples: cultural, sport, adventure, eco-tourism ·

Cost: Luxury (resorts), Mid Range & Budget ·

Duration: Short Term (7-14 days), Day Tripping or Long Term · Destination: Day Trip, Domestic and/or International

Long-Term Tourism

Extended travel – cultural immersion

· Gap years, international study

and long term volunteering

Short Term Tourism

Brief and intense travel experiences

Maximizing experience in a limited time – relaxation or adventure

day tripping

Short visits to a destination returning on the same day · Local sightseeing, theme parks, festivals

Factors affecting the change of trends regarding leisure

Demographic

o pre-Boomers, frugal, very little leisure

o Boomers, live to work, little leisure

o Gen X, work to live, some leisure

o Gen Y, work for purpose, much leisure for purpose too

o Gen Z, action is political and global, leisure is life

due to the growing trends of wellbeing, diversitifcation of leisure options and growing importance of entertainment and leisure

Transportation

the relative cost of transport has fallen and ease of moving between countries has increased

o Increase in car ownership

Ownership increased accessibility, convenience and freedom of movement leading to more travel

o Fast Rail Networks

fast, convenient and increased accessibility to regional travel destinations

o Low Cost Airlines |

· Diversification of Leisure Options

due to technological, transportation and communication innovations

Economic development, what is its links/correlations to leisure time?

economic developments impact the quality and range of tourism, as economies develop, there is a notable shift in how people spend their leisure time that is all linked to disposable income, working hours, personal preferences, cultural/societal norms and infastructure available.

HIC development and participation in leisure

high engagement in leisure activities, international and domestic, luxury trips, due to many factors such as

1. higher working wages ( average of norway disposable income is 30K)

2. lower working hours (france 35)

3. cultural value in retirement (japan, life excpectancy of 80)

4. developed economy leading to more infastructure and value in sports (japan again)

5. government initiatives n subsidies

for example:

as a high income coutnry, Japan has much more leisure activities because their economies have developed, disposable income to increase, leading their life expectancy to increase, the average being 80 because of this, the cultural value of retirement is very strong and the government has invested more infastructure and services/activities for leisure, additionally this has led to the increased cultural value of sports, however unlike other high income countries such as France, with just 35 hours a week, Japan has higher working hours than what an average HIC tend to have (40 hours on average). In fact, due to Japan’s work culture that’s been heavily engrained, workers work on average 80 hours overtime a week, 20 hours more than an LIC, Bangladesh, yet, Japan’s workers have a more sedentary office jobs and white collar jobs whereas bangladesh has high intensive high labor blue collar jobs.

Emerging economies and their leisure patterns

engagement is evident however there is not that high compared to HIC. This is localised and budget conscious however, because of the increased economic growth the EE has variety of leisure acitivities following from an increased disposable income and expanding the tourism industry as well as the socio-cultural trends. An example of this is Brazil. Brazil has increased its disposable income in econcomic growth which allowed more people to allocate rsources to leisure acitivies such as dining, participating in sporting events and travelling. By 2019, the average disposable income in Brazil increased $300 USD per month due to increased cultural proliferation of cultural events (rock in rio), expansion in sporting facillities (post rio olympics) and expansion of entertainment venues in urban settings. Additionall, economic development has led to the expansion of the domestive and international toursim in Brazil — e.g. the beaches of Northeast Brazil. In 2019, the tourism industry provided 2.2 million direct jobs and 2.6% of the country’s employment. Post covid, there was a signifcant amount of trends rising in the country in regards to wellbeing, wellness, fitness and health, leading to more leisure infastructure.

Low income socities

more focused on the elements of standards of livings being met where leisure acitivities are extremely limited as they are contrained by financial limitations and lack of access. they are focused locally and communly. This is because they have long working hours, with 60 hours of intensive labour leaving limited to no participation in leisure activities, additionally, they have lower wages and lower disposable incomes as they come form an informal economy reporting the average garment worker earning $90 usd a month. Consequently, this has led the cultural value of leisure to decrease into practically nothing, especially rural bangladesh.

For leisure its mainly online 44.5 have access and supporting local venders such as cox’s bazaar

Affluence and its effect on personal participation in sports and tourism

Link to disposable income – more likely to participate in tourism particularly mid-range and luxury tourism activities.

· Budget tourism options still make participation in tourism possible for residence of HICs; however, this is also liked to stages in lifecycle and personality.

· HIC more likely to participate because they can afford sporting club fees, sports equipment and costs associated with travel.

· Affluence also determines Govt. investment into infrastructure needed for sporting events and tourism. ·

Wealthier people also travel further and for a longer duration

According to the Australian Govt sources – children aged 0-14 are more likely to participate in physical activities in if they come from a high income family.

gender and its effect on personal participation in sports and tourism

Based on cultural norms and religious beliefs there can be a difference in participation in sport and tourism. Conservative countries and entrenched gender roles can lead to lower participation in sport and travel for women. ·

Westernised and high income countries are have more balanced trends in participation in both sport and tourism in adolescence. However, there is a growing inequality between men and women leisure time which may result in less participation in sport.

Bangladesh (2019) | adolescent boys have higher participation in sports compared to girls who are more likely to support activity or complete domestic chores rather than participate.

stage of lifecycle and its effect on personal participation in sports and tourism

– age results in differences in thrill seeking and physical engagement.

There is different rates in the types of tourism activities and participation in travel. Globally younger people are likely to travel more than older people. However, according to expedia baby boomers tend to spend more on travelling ($6600 per year) compared to Generation Z and Millennials.

personality and its effect on personal participation in sports and tourism

Personality can especially affect whether a person does mass tourism in an organised or individual way, or if they are niche ‘explorers’, or even drifters.

place of residence and its effect on personal participation in sports and tourism

place of residence can have a major influence on sport and tourism.

People living in landlocked countries are more likely to travel to coastal destinations, while those living in urban areas may seek out nature-based tourism experiences.

In Australia – one of the main barriers to the participation in sport for children (2022) was living in remote or regional area due to access to infrastructure.

Adventure Tourism

Involves travel with the primary purpose of engaging in physical activity, exploration, or adventure.

attracts tourists seeking adrenaline-pumping experiences but also raises awareness about environmental conservation and local cultures. It often leads to the development of remote areas, potentially bringing in economic benefits while also posing environmental challenges. Despite this, the environmental challenges of over tourism in adventure destinations is a key issue which needs to be addressed due to the low carry capacity of these destinations.

For example, in Nepal climbing Mt Everest costs around $50,000 per person. 10% of Nepal’s GDP comes from tourism in Kathmandu. ·

supports local economies Trade Association (ATA) suggests that 66% of revenue spent in the adventure tourism sector remains in the destination.

Environmental ImpactExtensive deforestation for firewood has resulted in flooding of the lowlands.

Movie Tourism

"Nearly one in five visitors still cite The Lord of the Rings trilogy as a reason they chose to visit New Zealand, almost two decades after the first film was released." Tourist numbers shot up 40 per cent in the five years after the first LOTR film.

Heritage tourism

Involves visiting historical sites, cultural landmarks, and museums.

This type of tourism promotes the understanding and preservation of global cultural heritage. It appeals to those interested in history, architecture, and cultural studies, contributing significantly to the conservation of these sites. While this type of tourism is increasingly popular it remains relevantly small scaled compared to mass tourism of beach holidays. On the other hand, there are also concerns of the carry capacity of these sites due to over tourism.

The role of TNCs in expanding international tourism destinations

A transnational corporation (TNC) is defined as a company that operates in two or more countries. Often, they have a significant influence on the development and promotion of international tourism destinations. for example, Air BNBs

1. Diversification of Accommodation Options: Airbnb has expanded international tourism destinations by offering a diverse range of accommodation options beyond traditional hotels and resorts.

2. Promotion of Off-the-Beaten-Path Destinations: Airbnb has helped promote off-the-beaten-path destinations and local communities by allowing hosts to list properties in less touristy areas

3. Facilitation of Cultural Exchange: Airbnb promotes cultural exchange and cross-cultural understanding by connecting travelers with local hosts who can offer insider tips, recommendations, and personalized experiences.

4. Support for Small and Independent Businesses: Airbnb supports small-scale and independent

businesses in international tourism destinations by empowering local hosts to earn income from their properties.

cost and benefits of different stake holders: standardisation

Cultural erosion impacts the local community in a negative way as The standardization brought by TNCs can lead to a loss of local culture and identity.

Local traditions and customs may be overshadowed by globalized practices and products.

Cultural erosion refers to the gradual decline or loss of distinctive cultural traits, practices, beliefs, or languages within a society or community.

The exploitation of Hawaiian culture is one of the greatest causes of resentment towards tourists among locals in Hawai‘i. The hula's purpose has become watered down from being a sacred and meaningful entity into an entertaining tourist attraction, and this change affects the hula to this present day.

positive:

tncs and tourists

TNCs often provide standardised services and facilities, which can be appealing to tourists who value familiarity and reliability. This can make travel more accessible and comfortable, particularly for less experienced or more risk adversed tourists

For example, the Marriott International is recognized for its consistent brand experience enabling customers to know what to expect in terms of service quality, amenities and facilities regardless of location.

cost and benefits of different stake holders: economics;

Profit repatriation, growth, price, inequality

sustainable tourism

managing tourism in a way that allows it to continue over the long term without hurting natural and cultural environments which can help conserve the local ecosystem, and does not prioritise the three sectors: environment, economic sustainabillity and social sustaimanillitu, compatiable with the social, economic and environmental contexts of the destination

ecotourism

emphasises responsible travel natural areads aiming to conserve the environment and culture of the local people

economic sustainabillity

minimal tourism leakages

job creation + security

boosts local economies — economic growth

revenue generation

livelihood for local people

social sustainabillity

involving the local community, supporting the local culture, ucultural sensitivity.

environmental sustaibiabllity

minimal impact on the landscape, rural tourism, low footprint (renewable energy), loval communities as stakeholders

kenya case study

tourism is the biggest industry for kenya earing 1.6b in 2019 with 2 million visiters, employing 9.3% of workers and 7.5% for wildlife conservtion

lics advantageous- can enter the tourism industry more sustainabily as it is already there in comparison to hics who need to make those hotels more sustainable.

example of economic sustainabillity in kenya

• $1.66 billion in 2019 + 2 million visitors

• - 9.3% of employment in Kenya is in the tourism industry

This examples show the economic sustainabillity of tourism in Kenya because tourism has generated substantial economic growth and fosters job creation. On the other hand, countries such as kenya should not be overly dependant on the tourism industry as it is prone to external events such as global pandemics

example of social sustainabillity in kenya

serena beach resort - traditional architecure, offering traditional food, local craftsmanship

this example shows the social sustainabillity of local tourism operators in kenya because guests are exposed to the diverse range of local cultures in an authetnic wa. on the other hand, kenya should be mindful of cultural eoriosn as commercialising cultural traditions can reduce their authenticity and meaning overtime

examples of environmentla sustainabillity in kenya

mara serena safari lodge

• reforestation acitivities

• renewable energy

• single use plastics

• responsible use of water and energy kenya are able to achieve environmental sustainabillity in a variety in ways

this example shows how local luxury operators in kenya are able to achieve environmetal sustainabillity in a variety of ways. on the other hand, tourism operators in kenya need to consider the carry capacity of the environment and the large resources tourists use and expect which often exceeds the usage of local people