1) temporary storage of ingested food, 2) mechanically breaking down food (into chyme), 3) chemically breaking down food (enzymes and acid), 4) production of intrinsic factor (binds with B12 to be absorbed by intestines)
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functions of b12
helps with blood cell formation, nerve tissue health, and brain function
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lack of b12
anemia, nervous and brain issues
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cardia
closest to the heart, connects to the esophagus
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cardiac sphincter
closes off the top of the stomach
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fundus
“hump” on top of stomach region
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body
shaped like the letter C, biggest region in the stomach
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pylorus
towards the bottom of the stomach
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pyloric sphincter
controls the exit of chyme from the stomach into the intestines
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rugae
ridges in the stomach, flat when empty expands when filled
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1-1.5 liters
how many liters of food can the expanded rugae hold?
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3 layers of muscularis externa
what’s the main difference between the stomach and other things?
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it allows for churning action in the stomach
what does the extra layer of muscularis externa do in the stomach?
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lesser omentum
on the medial side of the stomach (lesser curvature), attaches the stomach to the liver
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greater omentum
on the lateral side of the stomach (greater curvature), hangs and attaches to the large intestine
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fundus,body
parietal cells location
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parietal cells
in stomach- secretes HCl and intrinsic factor that helps the intestines absorb B12
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chief cells
in stomach- produces pepsinogen (which meets HCl and becomes the active pepsin that digests proteins)
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fundus, body
chief cells location
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mucosal epithelium
goblet cells location
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goblet cells
produces alkaline mucus to protect stomach lining, reproduces every 1-2 days
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pylorus
endocrine (G-cells) location
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endocrine cells (G-cells)
produces gastrin, enhances mucosal growth, gastric motility, secretes HCl in the stomach
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gastritis
inflammation of stomach lining
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ulcers
erosion of stomach lining, peptic ulcers caused by H. Pylori bacteria, chances of it increase with aspirin, ibuprofen, smoking, drinking, etc.
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cephalic, gastric, intestinal
three phases of gastric activity
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cephalic phase
CNS prepares the stomach to receive food, anticipating food increases gastrin production
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gastric phase
begins when food enters the stomach, stretching of stomach increases gastrin production
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intestinal phase
controls the pace of gastric emptying, decreases gastrin production and activity
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duodenum
first part of small intestine, 10 in-1 ft long
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jejunum
second part of small intestine, 8 ft long
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iluem
third part of small intestine, 12 ft long
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ileocecal valve/sphincter
marks a junction with the ileum and large intestine
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21 ft, 1.5-1 in
how long is the small intestine? what diameter is the small intestine?
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duodenum, jejunum, ileum (dj I)
three parts of the small intestine (in order)?
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plicae
transverse folds in the mucosa
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villi
small projections on the plicae
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adds surface area, increases absorption
why does the villi, microvilli, and plicae need to be there?
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lacteal
a lymphatic capillary that absorbs large fat droplets
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peristalsis
small-scale periodic contractions of the muscularis externa
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gastroenteric reflex
due to stretch receptors in the duodenum that inhibits gastric emptying/activity as well as increase glandular secretions and peristalsis in the small intestine
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gastrocolic (gastroileal) reflex
due to stretch receptors in the stomach that stimulates opening the ileocecal valve and increase large intestine contractions
stimulates production of acid and enzymes in stomach
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if chyme has a lot of undigested proteins
when is gastrin released in the small intestine?
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low pH
when is secretin released in the small intestine?
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secretin
decrease stomach secretion/movement, stimulates secretion of bile from liver/gallbladder, stimulates sodium bicarbonate from pancreas (both neutralize stomach acid)
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if chyme has fats and partially digested proteins
when is CCK released in the small intestine?
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cholecystokinin (CCK)
stimulates liver to make bile and gallbladder to release bile in duodenum, reduces hunger feeling, decreases stomach secretion/movement
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if chyme has large amounts of glucose
when is GIP released in the small intestine?
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gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
stimulates pancreas to release insulin, decreases stomach secretions/movement
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duodenum
where does the most enzymatic digestion occur?
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jejunum
where does the most absorption occur?
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gallbladder, liver, pancreas
where are the enzymes and buffers released from?
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hepatopancreatic sphincter
the pancreatic duct that enters the duodenum
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pancreatic acini
endocrine cells location
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common bile duct
where bile makes its way to the duodenum
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1000
how many ml of secretions are in the pancreas
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insulin, glucagon
endocrine secretions that control the blood sugar level/pressure
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carbohydrases
digestive exocrine secretions that work on sugars and starches
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lipases
digestive exocrine secretions that work on lipids
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proteases
digestive exocrine secretions that work on proteins
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nucleases
digestive exocrine secretions that work on nucleic acids
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secretin, and CCK
chyme releases hormones, which release pancreatic juices
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secretin
triggers water and sodium bicarbonate release
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when the chyme has a low pH
when in secretin released in the chyme?
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when lipids and proteins are in the chyme
when in secretin released in the chyme?
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CCK
triggers enzyme release
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right, left, caudate, quadrate
what is the four quadrants of the liver?
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right
largest quadrant of the liver
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liver lobule
basic functional unit of the liver
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hepatic artery
where does the liver get its blood supply?
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bile canaliculi
what carries bile to bile ducts?
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cystic duct
what carries bile to be stored in the galbladder?
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produce bile, metabolic regulation, hematological regulation
three functions of the liver
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metabolic regulations
trait in which the liver stores nutrients like glucose and glycogen, and vitamins A, D, K, and E. releases nutrients when needed.
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hematological regulation
trait in the liver in charge of plasma protein regulation, removing old RBC’s and toxins
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galbladder functions
stores and concentrates bile to release into duodenum
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bile can enter the small intestine
what happens when the hepatopancreatic sphincter is relaxed?
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CCK
what hormone is used to relax the hepatopancreatic sphincter
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produces bile
what is the function of the liver?
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emulsifier
it breaks down big fat droplets into smaller particles so they can be digested more efficiently aka bile
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ileocecal valve
where does the large intestine start?
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anus
where does the large intestine end?
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5 ft, 3 in
how long is the large intestine? what’s the diameter
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10 in-1 ft
how long is the duodenum?
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8 ft
how long is the jejunum?
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12 ft
how long is the ileum?
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absorb vitamins, get rid of waste products, temporary feces storage
what are he 3 main functions of the large intestine?
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cecum, colon, rectum
three parts of the large intestine?
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ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
four parts of the colon?
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appendicitis
when your appendix is filled with pus and infected
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haustra
what are the pouches on the large intestine know as? they help with distension and elongation
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anus
end of the digestive tract?
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external
what is the voluntary anal sphincter (smooth muscle)
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internal
what is the involuntary anal sphincter (skeletal muscle)
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