Dental Sciences & Prev Dentistry- Ch 6/TEST

Anatomy

abdominal cavity

The space within the abdomen that contains the internal organs such as the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines, and spleen.

anatomic position

The standard position of the body, standing upright with arms at the sides and palms facing forward, used as a reference in anatomy.

anatomy

study of the shape and structure of the living human body

cell membrane

A biological barrier that surrounds and protects the cell, regulating the movement of substances in and out.

chromosomes

Structures within cells that contain DNA and genes, carrying hereditary information.

connective tissue

A type of tissue that supports, binds, and protects other tissues and organs, providing structural support

cranial cavity

The space within the skull that houses the brain and protects it from injury.

cytoplasm

The gel-like substance within a cell, where organelles are located and various cellular processes occur.

dorsal cavity

The body cavity located along the back that contains the brain and spinal cord.

endoplasmic reticulum

is a network for moving materials within the cell, involved in protein and lipid synthesis.

epithelial tissue

types of tissue that forms the protective outer layer of skin and lines organs and cavities. (all body surfaces)

golgi complex

An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

lysosomes

are bags of digestive enzymes in the cells that break down nutrients and toxic material

parietal

the wall of a body cavity

midsagittal plane

The midsagittal plane is a vertical line that divides the body into equal left and right halves.

mitochondria

produces energy for a cell from the food we eat

muscle tissue

a type of tissue that enables movement in the body through contraction and relaxation.

National Institution of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)

the federal governments lead agency for scientific research on oral, dental, and craniofacial disease

Nerve Tissue

responsible for coordinating and controlling body activities

nucleus

control center of the cell

oblique plane

divides the body at an angle

organelle

specialized part of the cell that performs specific functions

pelvic cavity

contains portions of large and small intestines, the rectum, bladder, and reproductive organs.

physiology

study of the functions of the human body

planes

imaginary lines used to divide the body into sections for anatomical study.

ribosomes

interpret the RNA for use inside a cell

sagittal plane

any vertical plane parallel to the midline that divides the body into unequal left and right sections.

spinal cavity

space in the body that contains the spinal cord and vertebrae.

stem cell

immature, unspecialized cells capable of replication and differentiation into other types of cells or tissue

thoracic cavity

contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and trachea

transverse plane

a horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower parts.

ventral cavity

cavity located at the front of the body

what is anatomy

Anatomy is the scientific study of the shape and structure of the human body

Basic anatomical reference systems

Planes and body directions

Structural units

Body cavities

Body regions

Planes and Body Directions

Anatomical position is the body standing erect with the feet together and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward

The sagittal plane is a vertical plane dividing the body from top to bottom and into left and right sections (possibly unequal sections)

The midsagittal plane is vertical, dividing the body into equal left and right halves

The horizontal plane and traverse (same thing) divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions

The frontal plane and cornal (same thing)divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

Directional Terms for the Human Body

Superior top of horizontal plane – Above another part, closer to the head

Inferior bottom of horizontal – Below another part, closer to the feet

Proximal – Closer to a point of attachment, or closer to the trunk of the body

Distal – Farther from a point of attachment, or farther from the trunk of the body

Directional Terms for the Human Body

Lateral – The side, or away from the midline

Medial – Toward, or nearer the midline

Dorsal – On the back

Ventral – On the front

Anterior – Toward the front

Posterior – Toward the back

Structural Units

Cells

Tissues

Organs

Body systems

Cells

Cells, the basic units of structure in the human body, react to stimuli, transform nutrients into energy, grow, and reproduce

The term for specialization of cells is differentiation

The human body contains many types of cells, each with a purpose

Stem Cells

Immature, unspecialized cells in the body

• Can be induced to become other types of cells in the body

There are two primary sources of stem cells

• Embryonic stem cells

• Adult stem cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Come from embryos that develop from eggs that have been fertilized in a test tube and then are used for research purposes

They are not derived from eggs fertilized in a woman’s body

Currently there are no approved treatments or human trials using embryonic stem cells in the United States

Adult Stem Cells

Can be found in tissues of both adults and children

• Stem cells from bone marrow have been used in bone marrow transplant procedures for many years

Adult stem cells are also found in blood, skin, dental pulp, retina, skeletal muscle, and the brain

Cell Membrane

The cell membrane surrounds the cell body and serves two purposes

• Structural: Separates the contents of the cell from the surrounding environment

• Semipermeable: Allows nutrients to pass through and waste products to leave

Cytoplasm

Gelatinous fluid inside the cell

Contains organelles

• Organelles modify, store, and transport proteins and dispose of cellular wastes

Nucleus

The control center of the cell

Directs the metabolic activities of the cell

The nucleus of every cell (except mature red blood cells) contains a complete set of the body’s chromosomes

The chromosomes contain DNA and RNA, two chemicals that carry all genetic information

Tissues

Formed when many millions of cells with the same shape, size, structure, and function join together to perform a specific function for the body

Types of Tissues

Epithelial tissues are external (skin) or internal body surfaces (mouth, intestines, and so on)

Connective tissue includes fat, tendons, and ligaments

Muscle tissue

• Voluntary (e.g., arms, legs)

• Involuntary (e.g., heart, lungs, stomach)

Nerve tissue includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Organs

Organs are formed when several types of tissues become a group

Organs perform a single function

Organs contain each of four tissue types

• Nerve

• Connective

• Muscle

• Epithelial

Body Systems

A body system is composed of a group of organs working together to perform a major function

Example: Digestive system

• Esophagus

• Stomach

• Small and large intestines

Body Cavities

The two main body cavities

• Dorsal: Back of the body

• Divided into the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity

Ventral: Front of the body

• Subdivided into the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

• The thoracic cavity contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and trachea

• The abdominal cavity houses the stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, and most of the intestines

• The pelvic cavity contains portions of the small and large intestines, the rectum, the urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs

Body Regions

Axial division

• Head

• Neck

• Trunk

Appendicular region

• Arms

• Legs