Westerb Civilization II

Why did Denmark and Sweden invade the Holy Roman Empire in 1625 and 1630?

Because they wanted to aid the Protestant Germanic states Denmark invaded in 1625 and Sweden invaded in 1630, both attempting to aid Protestant Germanic states.

What Swedish king led the Swedish forces to several victories in north and central Germany in the early 1630s?

Gustavus Adolphus Gustavus Adolphus led the Swedish troops into the heart of the Holy Roman Empire before he died in battle in 1632.

How did the Thirty Years' War begin?

By a Calvinist revolution in Bohemia when a Catholic king was foisted upon them In 1618, Calivinists in Bohemia revolted in protest to having a Catholic king foisted upon them.

With which historical event is the Peace of Westphalia comparable?

With the fall of the Soviet Union, because it left one power in a position to achieve short-term dominance France, which gained territory and simultaneously checked Hapsburg power on its eastern borders due to the Peace of Westphalia, flourished under Louis XIV later in the seventeenth century.

If the Calvinists had received levels of toleration similar to those the Lutherans received under the Peace of Augsburg, what might have been the outcome?

An agreement that leaders of Calvinist areas of the Holy Roman Empire could choose the state religion of their area

If the Calvinists had received levels of toleration similar to those the Lutherans received under the Peace of Augsburg, what might have been the outcome?

An agreement that leaders of Calvinist areas of the Holy Roman Empire could choose the state religion of their area Calvinists in central Europe hoped to gain the same levels of toleration that Lutherans had received under the Peace of Augsburg. In the 1555 Peace of Augsburg Emperor Charles V agreed to allow the princes of each state within the Holy Roman Empire to choose either Catholicism or Lutheranism as the religion of their state.

What two territories attempted to cast off Spanish rule in the seventeenth century?

Catalonia and Portugal Though both Portugal and Catalonia revolted in the second half of the seventeenth century, only Portugal was successful, eventually gaining formal independence in 1668.

Which of the following American exports had a direct bearing to Spain's economy?

Gold and Silver Spain's economy was severely hurt by the reduction in gold and silver production in the Americas.

Which of the following was NOT a contributing factor to Spain's decline in the seventeenth century?

Lack of a navy

Which of the following was NOT a contributing factor to Spain's decline in the seventeenth century?

Lack of a navy Spain actually had quite a large navy, though it did suffer from a failing tax system and bureaucracy, problems exacerbated by wars at home and abroad.

Under what monarch did France prosper during the second half of the seventeenth century?

Louis XIV Louis XIV's seventy year reign saw French power on the European continent reach its height in the early modern period.

When did the constitutional monarchy emerge in Great Britain during the seventeenth century?

Following the seven-year civil war. British philosopher John Locke, underpinned the new, constitutional monarchy of Great Britain. The seven-year Civil War was fought in the 1640s that culminated in the trial and execution of King Charles I. Britain thereafter emerged from the chaos and tumult with a strong constitutional monarchy based on social contract theory.

Which of the following best describes the driving forces behind the Dutch Republic's economic success?

The Dutch had thriving textile and shipbuilding industries, developed an advanced financial system and engaged in international trade in spices and sugar. They also participated in the buying and selling of people for slavery. The Dutch overcame their precarious location and lack of natural resources by focusing on industries such as textiles and shipbuilding, engaging in international trade and exploration, and developing a sophisticated financial system.

80 years of intermittent warfare between the Dutch and Spanish ended in _____, when the Dutch provinces were formally recognized as the independent Dutch Republic.

1648 The Dutch Republic was not formally recognized until 1648, as part of the Peace of Westphalia This treaty ended both the 80 years of conflict between Spain and the Dutch and the Thirty Years' War, one of the most destructive conflicts in European history.

Which of the following were features of the society of the Dutch Republic that were unique in 17th century Europe?

A growing middle class and social mobility The decentralized structure of Dutch society and the absence of monarchy produced a thriving merchant class that valued wealth over social station at birth. This gave rise to a middle class and a level of social mobility unmatched in Europe at the time.

Which of the following artists and/or philosophers is not a product of the Dutch Golden Age?

Michelangelo Veermeer, Rembrandt and Spinoza were all Dutch or actively working in the Dutch provinces/Dutch Republic in the 17th century, while Michelangelo was Italian and never lived or worked in Dutch territory.

The Dutch established overseas territories and/or trading posts in all of the following places EXCEPT:

Portugal The Dutch, largely through the expansion of the Dutch East India Company, established colonies and trading posts in what is now New York, Indonesia, India and Iran, as well as Africa. They competed with the Portuguese, but did not establish settlements in Portugal.

The second session of Parliament Charles called in 1640 became known as the _____ Parliament.

Long The Long Parliament was called such because it technically did not disband itself until 1660.

In 1640, Charles I called Parliament for the first time in over a decade, because of grievances over the imposition of _____.

the Arminian prayer book The much-maligned Arminian prayer book contained practices many Scots and Englishmen thought were too closely related to Catholicism.

Which of the following was NOT a point of contention between Parliament and King Charles I prior to civil war?

Control of the army Prior to civil war breaking out, England did not possess a standing army.

Why was the outcome of the Battle of Edgehill, fought in 1642, considered to be inconclusive?

Both sides suffered heavy casualties. Therefore, neither side could claim true victory. The Battle of Edgehill is considered a draw by most historians, though both sides took heavy casualties.

Why was the result of English Civil War of the 1640s considered unique?

Because it was the first time that a king was put on trial and subsequently executed. King charles I was convicted for treason. He was tried and executed in January, 1649, in front of Whitehall Palace.

Charles' loss and subsequent execution marked the first time in Western European history a sitting monarch had been accused and convicted of crimes against his own subjects - a decisive moment in Western history.

What is the nickname of the Parliament which voted in favor of a return to government by king?

Convention Parliament The Convention Parliament, called in early 1660, was composed of many Royalists who voted in favor of a return to kingship.

How was England's government affected by the Civil War, Interregnum, and subsequent Restoration?

It was solidified into a constitutional monarchy. The tumultuous and chaotic period, consisting of the Civil War, Interregnum, and Restoration periods, solidified England's constitutional monarchy at the expense of the authority of the monarchy.

In what year did Charles II return to England to assume the throne?

1660 Charles returned to London and was proclaimed king on May 29, 1660.

Why did Charles II make the Declaration of Breda?

In order to smooth his transition back into power Charles' 1660 Declaration of Breda was made in order to smooth his transition back into power. In it he stated he would not prosecute any who professed loyalty to his throne for crimes committed during the interregnum, and he would honor land acquisitions during the same period.

Who assumed the role of Lord Protector in 1653?

Oliver Cromwell Oliver Cromwell became Lord Protector in 1653 and remained so until his death in 1658.

Which of the following was NOT done by the English Bill of Rights?

Give Parliament control over the army. The King maintained control over forces; however, he was outlawed from keeping a standing army in peacetime.

Why didn't the English like the idea of James II as the king?

He was pro-Catholic. James' Catholicism and his pro-Catholic policies, after on the throne, was Protestant England's biggest problem with James II as their king.

How did Parliament secure that the English throne would remain in English hands after the reign of William and Mary?

By making Mary's sister, Anne, the direct heir to the throne Parliament attempted to keep the throne in English hands by making Mary's sister Anne the direct heir. Though their plan initially succeeded, it failed when Anne died without an heir.

Who was the final monarch in Britain's Stuart Dynasty?

Anne Queen Anne's passing in 1714 ended the Stuart Dynasty, and George I, son of the Electress Sophia of Hanover, took the English throne.

What other nation united with England due to the 1707 Act of Union?

Scotland The 1707 Act of Union formalized the political union between England and Scotland, who had had the same king since 1603.

Why was Jean-Baptiste Colbert exploiting existing taxes and customs?

To enrich the French monarchy Jean-Baptiste Colbert was made Minister of Finance in the 1660s. Ancient taxes owed to the French monarchy whose collection methods had fallen into disrepair, such as those on salt and land, were exploited by Colbert to enrich Louis and the monarchy.

What impact did King Louis XIV's Grand Ordinances have on France?

They brought standardization and regulation to France's legal system. The Grand Ordinances were part of Louis' attempt to regularize laws and customs across France. Throughout the 1660s and 1670s, Louis standardized French jurisprudence, through the Grand Ordinances, which implemented a single, unified legal code throughout all of France and included a series of decrees made during the period.

How did The Fronde influence Louis XIV's political beliefs?

It influenced him to believe in absolute monarchy The Fronde was fought in response to Mazarin's centralization of power in the French monarchy in the late 1640s and early 1650s. Many beliefs argue that the Fronde played an important role in Louis' belief in an absolute, divine-right monarchy and a highly centralized bureaucracy.

Louis XIV's _____ -year reign contributed to the _____.

72; power and advancement of France Louis XIV's reign lasted 72 years, from 1643 to 1715, and left France as the most powerful and advanced nation in Western Europe.

Louis XIV officially relocated the French court to his Palace at Versailles in _____.

1682 In 1682 Louis XIV officially relocated the French court to Versailles, an enormous palace seventeen miles outside of France, for the remainder of his reign.

Which of the following countries did France NOT combat at some point during Louis XIV's reign?

Poland Poland was plunged into its own issues and not a major player in western Europe at the time.

Why was the Grand Alliance formed in 1689?

To fight French aggression. The Grand Alliance formed to check French aggression in response to France's invasion of the Palatinate in 1689. The Grand Alliance was composed of Austria, the Dutch Republic, and England formed the Grand Alliance.

In 1667, how did Louis XIV claim the Spanish Netherlands?

He utilized a custom recognizing the inheritance rights of daughters from a first marriage. Utilizing this Flemish custom, Louis was able to claim the Spanish Netherlands as a suitable dowry for his wife, Maria-Therese, the first born daughter of Philip IV's first marriage.

Why did King Louis XIV commence war with the Dutch Republic?

To eliminate the Dutch Republic as an economic competitor In 1672, Louis , invaded the Dutch Republic in an attempt to cripple France's biggest economic competitor.

What event caused the War of the Spanish Succession?

Charles II dying without an heir. Charles II was a sickly monarch, likely mentally handicapped, and he died in 1700 without an heir. This caused a problem to the Spanish succession as to who would be the heir.

Who was ultimately recognized as king of Spain after The War of Spanish Succession?

King Philip V After the fighting had concluded, many of the treaties signed recognized Philip as King Philip V of Spain (despite many concessions about his succession being made).

To what does Charles II's nickname, 'El Hechizado,' roughly translate?

The Bewitched 'El Hechizado' roughly translates to 'The Bewitched.' The monarch likely earned the moniker due to his mental instability and sickly nature.

Which of the following was NOT an active participant in the War of the Spanish Succession?

Sweden Though Sweden was fighting a conflict in the Northern German states during the conflict, it did not have an active role in the War of the Spanish Succession.

Great Britain first attempted to broker peace during The War of Spanish Succession by:

Breaking up the Spanish Empire among the claimants. Great Britain attempted to broker peace through the Treaties of The Hague and London, which attempted to break up the Spanish Empire and weaken whichever side might eventually gain the Spanish throne.

Which country or empire arguably gained the most from the War of the Spanish Succession?

Great Britain Great Britain gained territories in North America and by checking French power poised itself to grow in the eighteenth century into the British Empire.

Chapter The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth featured a strong representative assembly called the _____.

3 Sejm The robust representative assembly in Poland was called the Sejm.

Which one of these states was unique in that much of its holdings were non-contiguous?

Prussia Many of the original Prussian states fell to the Hohenzollern family through dynastic marriages and deaths and were not all connected, though Prussia remedied this situation in the ensuing century.

Why was the Ottoman Empire's failure to take Vienna a major turning point in its history?

The failure to take Vienna was the final failure of the failing Ottoman dynasty which had been governed by a succession of rulers who, for a variety of reasons, were not competent to reign. The Hapsburg family ruled Austria and its territories and even held the title of Holy Roman Empire throughout the seventeenth century.

Which description best characterizes the role and importance of the Hapsburg family in 17th century Europe?

The Hapsburgs dominated much of European politics in the 17th century, wielding sway over the Holy Roman Empire, but most significantly, concentrating its power within Austria, Silesia, Bohemia, Moravia, and part of Hungary, where it fervently suppressed Protestantism. The Hapsburg family was among the most powerful, influential families of Europe, both in the Holy Roman Empire as well as Austria, Silesia, Bohemia, Moravia, and part of Hungary.

Which conflict was brought to an end by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648?

The Thirty Years' War between members of the Holy Roman Empire. Austria expanded into central and eastern Europe along its borders, but Saxony remained independent.

chapter 2 What is true about the Peace of Westphalia and the Treaty of Carlowitz?

Under peace of Westphalia, Germans were allowed to choose between Catholicism or Protestantism while the Treaty of Carlowitz led to the Ottomans ceding much of their Balkan territory. With the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, the Holy Roman Emperor was forced to recognize the increased sovereignty of many German states and their rights to decide on their state religion.

The Treaty of Carlowitz in 1699 led to the Holy League states acquiring much of their Balkan territory.

Charles VI's successfully run Ostend Company was closed in response to British and Dutch recognition of _____.

his daughter, Maria Theresa, as his heir Charles wanted Maria Theresa to be recognized as his heir in case his male heirs died (which they did) to keep Austria's possessions in Hapsburg's hands.

After gaining land back from the Ottomans, which country did Leopold fight to control?

Spain When Charles II died without any heirs it sparked the War of Spanish Succession, where Austria and her allies attempted to check French regional power, eventually gaining Italian territories and the Spanish Netherlands.

_____ was NOT a territory Austria controlled at the accession of Leopold I in 1657.

Transylvania As at 1657 Transylvania was controlled by Ottomans and only came under Austrian control after the 1699 Treaty of Carlowitz.

Although the Siege of Vienna nearly brought the city to its knees in 1683, the siege's reversal marked a major turning point in Austria's wars with _____.

Ottoman Empire The 1683 Siege of Vienna marked the furthest into Hapsburg lands -- indeed into Europe itself -- an Ottoman army ever reached. Afterwards, Austria was largely successful in its Balkan campaigns against the Ottomans.

Which of the following is true regarding the Peace Treaty of Westphalia?

all the answers are correct

Which of the following was crucial to the legal code of Louis XIV?

the 1667 ordinance on civil proceedings

Which of the following is true regarding the foreign policy of Louis XIV?

he led an aggressive foreign policy, and some of his conquests such a Lille, Strasbourg, and Franche-Comte’ remain part of france to this day

Which of the following best emphasizes the role of the Long Parliament during the English Civil War?

the parliament immediately began redressing grievances and passed a law forbidding the king from proroguing or dissolving Parliament without its consent

Due to the fact that the country still was highly dependent upon tax money, feudal dues and tenures that pre-war Parliaments had decried as outdated and abused remained in place and the religious settlement of England remained nebulous, as well as a lack of a legitimate claim to the throne, post-Civil War England was organized as a _____.

constitutional monarchy

Which of the following conflicts involving Prussia did NOT occur in the second half of the seventeenth century?

A long conflict with the Russians over access to Baltic port cities in Northern Prussia Although Prussia and Russia did fight against one another in the Seven Years' War, this conflict did not take place until the middle of the 18th century.

Which of the following was NOT a territory under Hohenzollern control prior to 1740?

Silesia Silesia (region that incorporates parts of modern day Czech Republic and Poland) did not come under Prussian control until the War of the Austrian Succession later in the eighteenth century.

What was King Frederick William II largest achievement?

Financing a large standing army. King Frederick William II financed a large standing army with high taxes.

What event gave Frederick William (the Great Elector) the peace and stability necessary to consolidate power in his territories?

The end of the Thirty Years' War The 1648 Peace of Westphalia ended the 30 Years' War. The period of relative piece and stability that followed enabled Frederick William to devote attention to consolidating Prussian power and developing the Prussian state.

Which of the following best summarizes important reasons for Prussia's expansion and increase in power during the 17th and 18th centuries?

Fortuitous marriages, humanitarian reforms, consolidation of and investment in military Fortunate marriages between members of the Hohenzollern dynasty and other German monarchs expanded Prussian wealth and lands. Frederick William II's humanitarian reforms and increased tax revenue enabled long-term investment in the Prussian military.

How would a military leader follow the example of Peter the Great to strengthen his military and marginalize his political opponents?

By making military appointments based on merit rather than birth. High military positions had traditionally been given to the Russian nobility, but Peter the Great's meritocratic approach made his military better and also hurt the prestige of his enemies.

What made Peter the Great gain much of his zeal for all things European?

A European tour he went on soon after gaining power. Peter's European tour gave him many of the ideas for modernizing Russia, especially his fascination with large, European naval fleets.

What traditional educator lost its power with Peter the Great's educational reforms?

The Russian Church. Prior to Peter's creation of secular schools, the Russian Church had been in charge of most educational institutions in Russia.

Peter the Great's father, Aleksey I, died in 1682, but Peter did not ascend to the throne of sole Czar until 1696. What happened in between?

Technically Peter and his brother, Ivan, ruled together, though Peter was exiled from court. Technically Peter and his brother, Ivan, ruled together, though Peter was exiled from court, allowing him to grow and mature away from court, which proved to be a blessing in disguise.

Peter the Great began building St. Petersburg in 1703, and moved the Russian capital there in _____.

1712 Peter the Great moved the Russian capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg in 1712.

Which state gained territory in the First and Third Partition of Poland but not in the Second?

Austria The Second Partition of Poland was a Russo-Prussia affair only and did not result in Austria gaining land.

What inspired the attempted reforms made by the Polish government in between the First and Second Partition?

The Enlightenment Polish reformers attempted to embrace Enlightenment ideals in their government reforms.

How did Poland's government at the time play a role in the Partition of Poland?

Poland's weak internal government led to gridlock in Polish politics. Poland suffered from a weak internal government which led to gridlock in Polish politics. This gridlock created gaps in power which Poland's powerful neighbors eagerly exploited.

Which of the following was NOT a foreign ruler who gained territory as part of the Partition of Poland?

Tadeusz Kosciuszko Tadeusz Kosciuszko actually led a counter-rebellion in 1794, attempting to counteract the partitioning of Poland.

Who was the former favorite of Catherine the Great that was made King of Poland in 1764?

Stanislaw Poniatowski Stanislaw Poniatowski was originally placed on the Polish throne with Catherine's help in the 1760s, and reigned during the entire partitioning process.

Which of the following BEST describes the population level 18th-century Western Europe?

The population nearly doubled. The population of Western Europe nearly doubled, moving from approximately 100 million people in 1700 to approximately 190 million in 1800.

Why was The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith so important at the end of the eighteenth century?

It laid down the theoretical basis for the emergence of the free market system. Adam Smith, wrote 'The Wealth of Nations' in 1776, in which he provided the theoretical framework for the free market economy.

How did colonialism affect wealth in eighteenth century western Europe?

As colonialism became increasingly profitable, wealth gradually transferred from southern Europe to northwestern Europe. Over the past few hundred years, the focus of European trade and economic productivity gradually transferred from southern Europe to economic hubs in northwestern Europe. This transformation was largely complete by 1800

Which of the following did NOT contribute to the population growth of the 18th century?

rising birth rates Birth rates did not rise in Europe in the 18th century. The birth rate stayed virtually the same.

Early industrialization first took root in which country?

England The Industrial Revolution first really took off in England and spread to Europe and the Americas afterward.

Commissioning famous artists to paint portraits and murals was typical of _____ during the 18th century.

aristocrats Patronage of the arts was an important part of gaining prestige as part of the aristocracy.

A Frenchman acquires elaborate Chinese silk fabrics to be made into gowns for his wife and daughters. This is an example of _____.

conspicuous consumption Conspicuous consumption was and is the act of buying goods to display to the rest of society how wealthy you are.

_____ kept merchants and tradesmen from moving into nobility.

The existing social hierarchy The existing social hierarchy was strongly opposed to any social mobility.

Why were many European clergy considered nobility?

They were often second and third sons of lesser nobles Many of the clergy were often second or third sons of noble families.

How did the Industrial Revolution impact the lives of tradesmen and merchants during the 18th century?

Better technology produced goods faster, which led to opened trade, increasing this societal group's wealth In addition to better technology, which decreased production times for their goods, portions of Europe gradually embraced freer markets, which allowed goods, people, and, most importantly, wealth to be more easily transferred.

How were indentured servants different from enslaved people in the 1600s colonial society?

Indentured servants could leave after seven years while enslaved people could not. Part of the 'contract' of Indentured servants was their freedom after seven years.

What can you infer about triangular trade?

It enriched England regardless of its effect on other nations. The Triangular trade benefited mostly England.

What percent of the African American population was free according to the 1790 census?

8 According to the census conducted for 1790, 8% of African Americans in the United States were of free status.

Why were the Slave Codes passed?

To regulate enslaved people and slavery to benefit the whites. The white people became fearful of the growing slave population and passed slave codes in their favor.

Which best describes the task system?

Enslaved people were assigned a task to complete and had free time when they were done. In the task system, each worker was assigned a task acre to be completed each day. When the task was finished, so was the enslaved person.

Which of the following forms of plantation agriculture fueled the slave trade?

sugar The growth and spread of New World sugar plantations created the need for labor, and enslaved Africans filled the need.

In what way did the transatlantic slave trade not impact Africa?

the creation of overseas African empires Through the gun-slave cycle, depopulation, and economic destruction, the slave trade negatively impacted Africa.

In what way did the transatlantic slave trade effect Europe?

it contributed to Europe's global rise to power The transatlantic slave trade, and the staple goods produced in the New World, made the Atlantic the center of world commerce and enabled Europe's rise to global dominance.

What is the term for the trade connections between African slaves, American staple products, and European goods?

the Triangle Trade The Triangle Trade in slaves, staple products, and European goods linked Africa, the Americas, and Europe.

African captives were marched from the interior of Africa to the coasts through what method?

the slave coffle Through the slave coffle, African captives were chained together and marched from the interior to the slave coasts of Africa, where they were sold to European slave traders.

Whole numbers include the counting numbers 1, 2, 3, and so on plus the number 0.

Recognize Queen Anne as sovereign of Great Britain. Prior to the Treaty, France had claimed James II's son, James Edward, as the rightful King of England.

Which of the following states did NOT benefit from the Peace of Utrecht?

France Though France was able to keep its claimant on the Spanish throne, it lost large amounts of territory, and that same claimant lost his spot in the French line of succession.

Which two treaties were part of the Peace of Utrecht?

Treaty of Utrecht, and the Treaty of Rastatt. The following treaties were part of the Peace of Utrecht:Treaty of Baden, Treaty of The Hague, Treaty of Rastatt, and Treaty of Utrecht.