Studied by 2 people
group
a set of individuals who have direct interactions with each other over a period of time and share a common fate, identity, or set of goals
collectives
people engaging in a common activity but having little direct interaction with each other
evolutionary pressures
ppls chances of survival and reproduction increased when they lived in groups rather than in isolation
social brain hypothesis
we have large brains in order to socialize
social identity theory
a large part of ppls feelings of self-worth comes from their identification with particular groups
roles
set of expected behaviors
instrumental role
helps the group achieve its tasks
expressive role
provides emotional support and maintains morale
norms
rules of conduct for group members
tight cultures
strong norms and little tolerance for behavior that deviates from the norm
loose cultures
relatively weaker norms, greater tolerance for deviant behavior
dominant response
reaction elicited most quickly and easily by a given stimulus
easy task
one that is simple or well learned
difficult task
one that is complex or unfamiliar
social facilitation
a process whereby the presence of others enhances performance on easy tasks but impairs performance on difficult tasks
evaluation apprehension theory
performance will be enhanced or impaired only in the presence of others who are in a position to evaluate that performance
distraction-conflict theory
being distracted while were working on a task creates attentional conflict
social loafing
group-produced reductions in individual output
cyberloafing
a form of social loafing at the workplace that involves personal non-work use of online technology
collective effort model
individuals will try hard on a collective task when they think their efforts will help them achieve outcomes they personally value
social compensation
increasing ones efforts on collective tasks to try to compensate for the anticipated social loafing or poor performance of other group members
Deindividuation
the loss of a persons sense of individuality and the reduction of normal constraints against deviant behavior
accountability cues
effect the individuals cost-reward calculations
attentional cues
cues that focus a persons attention away from the self
social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE)
a model of group behavior that explains deindividuation effects as the result of a shift from personal identity to social identity
process loss
reduction of group productivity due to problems in the dynamics of a group
additive tasks
the group product is the sum of all the members contributions
conjunctive tasks
the group product is determined by the individual with the poorest performance
disjunctive task
the group product is determined by the performance of the individual with the best performance
process gain
groups outperform even the best members
Brainstorming
a technique that attempts to increase the production of creative ideas by encouraging group members to speak freely without criticizing their own or others contributions
electronic brainstorming
using technology to allow groups to brainstorm
group polarization
the exaggeration through group discussion of initial tendencies in the thinking of group members
persuasive arguments theory
the greater the number and persuasiveness of the arguments to which group members are exposed, the more extreme their attitudes become
Groupthink
an excessive tendency to seek concurrence among group members
concurrence
agreement or uniformity
biased sampling
a group may fail to consider important information that is not common knowledge in the group
communication network
defines who can speak with whom based on a groups structure
transactive memory
a shared system for remembering info that enables multiple people to remember info together more efficiently than they could do so alone
group support systems
programs that help remove communication barriers and provide structure and incentives for group discussions and decisions
cultural metacognition
awareness of their own and others cultural assumptions
multicultural engagement
adapting and learning about new cultures
resource dilemmas
dilemmas concerning how two or more ppl share a limited resource
commons dilemmas
if ppl take as much as they want of a limited resource that doesnt replenish itself, nothing will be left for anyone
public goods dilemmas
all of the individuals are supposed to contribute resources to a common pool
integrative agreement
both parties obtain outcomes that are superior to a 50-50 split
True or False? People will cheer louder when they cheer as part of a group than when they cheer alone.
False
True or False? People brainstorming as a group come up with a greater number of better ideas than the same number of people working individually.
False
True or False? Group members’ attitudes about a course of action usually become more moderate after group discussion.
False
True or False? People and groups tend to do worse when they have “do your best” goals than when they have very specific, ambitious goals.
True
True or False? Large groups are more likely than small groups to exploit a scarce resource that the members collectively depend on.
True
True or False? When people or groups negotiate with each other, the best solution is one in which both parties compromise and split the resources 50-50.
False
group cohesiveness
The extent to which forces push group members closer together, such as through feelings of intimacy, unity, and commitment to group goals.
mere presence
The proposition that the mere presence of others is sufficient to produce social facilitation effects.
prisoner's dilemma
A type of dilemma in which one party must make either cooperative or competitive moves in relation to another party. The dilemma is typically designed so that the competitive move appears to be in one’s self- interest, but if both sides make this move, they both suffer more than if they had both cooperated
social dilemma
a situation in which a self-interested choice by everyone will create the worst outcome for everyone
Note 
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