3.7 - Polymers

Condensation Polymers - Use notes to see drawings

Condensation Polymers - Use notes to see drawings

What 2 things react to form a 2-monomer Condensation Polyester?

• What is the constant byproduct in Condensation reactions

• 1. Dicarboxylic acid
  2. Diol

• Water

What 2 things must Monomers in a Polyester contain?

• 2 (O) singly bonded to Carbon

• 2 (C=O) bonds

What forms a Single monomer Polyester?

Hydroxy-C acids :

• 2 Dicarboxylic acid molecules which have 2 OH groups (one alcohol and the other part of the carboxylic acid), continually reacting to form a single monomer polyester

What must the Monomers from a Single Monomer Polyester contain?

• 1 (O) singly bonded to a Carbon

• 1 (C=O) bond

What 2 things must a Polyamide monomer contain?

• 2 (N) singly bonded to Carbon

• 2 (C=O) bonds

What 2 things must react to form a Polyamide?

1. Dicarboxylic acid

2. Diamine

What forms a Single monomer Polyamide?

Amino C-Acid:

• Monomers which contain a carbxylic acid and amine group, forming the polymer and water

For polyamides and esters what else can react with an amine/OH containing monomer to form a polyamide (+ byproduct)

• Acyl chloride → forms HCl byproduct

What is the method to identify the monomer(s) that make up an Polyamide/Polyester?

1. Identify the repeat unit

2. Identify the amide/ester link (where C=O and amine/oxygen from the alcohol are bonded)

3. Break the link

4. Add:
   - OH to the C=O
   - H to a lone oxygen/nitrogen that has a hydrogen already
   - Cl to C=O IF IT IS TOLD THAT ITS AN ACYL CHLORIDE
   

***TERYLENE, NYLON 6-6 AND KEVLAR FC IRL***

***TERYLENE, NYLON 6-6 AND KEVLAR FC IRL***

What are the general Mp+Bp of polymers? (why)

• Specific bonding for: (what groups cause this)
  1. Polyesters
  2. Polyamides

Polymers contain many repeating units (monomers) which increases the number of electrons present, increasing VDW forces

• Polyesters → contain C=O → VDW + Permanent dipole-dipole

• Polyamides → contains C=O and N-H → VDW + Permanent dipole-dipole + Hydrogen Bonding

Addition Polymer

Addition Polymer

What is a Macromolecules? 

• Comment on the strength of IMF

Molecules with at least 1000 atoms:

• Lots of atoms = Lots of electrons → high VDW forces and so strong IMF

How are Addition Polymers formed?

• Byproducts

When many repeating monomers (alkenes) double bonds open to bond to other alkenes to form an addition polymer:

• No byproducts formed in addition polymer reactions

Give the 3 properties of Addition Polymers

1. Strong rigid structure - Strong IMF

2. Chemically inert - since its non polar

3. Non corrosive/Doesn’t rot

What do IMFs like H-Bonding and Permanent Dipole-Dipole forces effect?

Effects the range at which polymers melt at

Why does Addition Polymerisation occur? (condition)

Saturated Hydrocarbons formed from the polymerisation of unsaturated Hydrocarbons (alkenes) - since they’re more stable:

• Under a Catalyst + Temp:

  • Low temp = No branching so form long identical chains which can pack together and therfore have higher mp as atoms and electrons are closer for VDW

  • High temp = Branching, so dont pack close so not as high of an Mp

***DRAWING MONOMERS + NAMING IN CHEM NOTES 1***

***DRAWING MONOMERS + NAMING IN CHEM NOTES 1***

What is the structure of PVC?

A polymer consisting of a carbon chain with 1 Hydrogen and Chlorine bonded to each carbon

What are the 2 properties of PVC?

1. Rigid

2. Flexible

Explain why PVC is rigid?

• Uses of PVC for this reason (3)

Chlorine is more electronegative than Carbon, inducing permanent dipole-dipole forces + VDW:

1. Plugs

2. Sockets

3. Vinyl records

Explain why PVC is flexible?

• Uses of PVC for this reason (2)

Plasticisers are often places between chains, to decrease both VDW and Permanent Dipole-Dipole forces - making it flexible:

1. USB Cables

2. Garden Hoses

***MONOMERS W/ DOUBLE BONDS NOTES***

***MONOMERS W/ DOUBLE BONDS NOTES***

What are the 3 methods of Polymer Disposal?

1. Landfill

2. Burning/Combustion

3. Recycling

Explain the Landfill method of Polymer disposal (disadvantage)

Hole in the ground, filled with plastic (the polymers) then covered with dirt:

• Plants grow on the top which can be effected by chemicals underground leaching into plants + nearby water supply

Explain the Burning method of Polymer disposal (disadvantage)

Plastics are burnt and incinerated + steam from this used to power turbines, whose motion generate electricity:

• Fossil fuel released

Explain the Recycling method of Polymer disposal (disadvantage)

Plastics ordered by the polymers their made from, melted + remoulded or chemically reverted to their monomers for further use:

• Costly method

Give the 3 advantages of Recycling (explain)

1. Reduces landfill → Saves space + risk of agriculture and water damage

2. Reduces burning → reduces fossil fuel release

3. Cheaper than making new plastics

Give the 3 disadvantages of Recycling (explain)

1. Cost of burning + Landfill < Recycling cost

2. Quality of plastics decrease over continuous recycling over plastics

3. Plastics can be contaminated by other plastics or dirt → these contaminated plastics end up in landfill anyway