Ideas about science

"What must be considered when investigating a phenomenon scientifically?"

"Scientific explanations are based on carefully collected and analysed data, following stages of scientific investigation."

"What is a hypothesis?"

"A possible explanation for something that has been observed."

"What is a prediction in science?"

"A testable statement based on a hypothesis, describing how a factor will affect an outcome."

"What are independent

dependent and control variables?","Independent: changed variable. Dependent: measured variable. Control: kept constant to ensure a fair test."

"Why are control variables important?"

"They ensure a fair test by preventing other factors from affecting results."

"What must be considered when planning an experiment?"

"Decide what data to collect, sample size/range, equipment choice, clear repeatable method, and risk assessment."

"What is a hazard?"

"Something that could cause harm."

"What is a risk?"

"The chance that a hazard will cause harm."

"Give an example of reducing risk in an experiment."

"Using lower concentrations of chemicals or wearing safety goggles with concentrated sulfuric acid."

"What must happen after data is collected?"

"It must be processed, presented and analysed to draw conclusions."

"What are significant figures in data processing?"

"All measurements must use the same number of significant figures; calculations rounded to the lowest number given."

"What is IUPAC nomenclature?"

"The worldwide system for naming chemical compounds, ensuring global understanding."

"What are SI units?"

"The standard units used worldwide (e.g. s, m, J, kg)."

"Convert between these units: kg → g

g → kg.","kg ×1000 = g, g ÷1000 = kg."

"Convert between these units: m³

dm³, cm³.","m³ ×1000 = dm³, dm³ ×1000 = cm³. Reverse by ÷1000 each step."

"What is a random error?"

"Variation due to chance factors like environment or human mistakes."

"What is a systematic error?"

"Error where results are wrong by the same amount each time."

"What is an anomalous result?"

"A result that does not fit the trend. If there's a clear reason, it should be excluded from analysis."

"How should data tables be presented?"

"Drawn with a ruler, headings with units, not units in the body."

"When is a bar chart used?"

"For categorical data."

"When is a line graph used?"

"For continuous data."

"What goes on the x and y axes of a graph?"

"Independent variable on x-axis, dependent variable on y-axis."

"What is the gradient of a graph used for?"

"To calculate rate of change (e.g. rate of reaction)."

"What is interpolation?"

"Using a line/curve of best fit to estimate values within the data range."

"What is extrapolation?"

"Extending a trend beyond the data range to predict further values."

"What is the formula for range?"

"Range = largest value - smallest value."

"What is the formula for mean?"

"Mean = (sum of all values) ÷ (number of values)."

"What should you evaluate after an experiment?"

"Validity of method, control of variables, anomalous results, and strength of conclusion."

"How can experiment accuracy be improved?"

"Take more repeats, narrower intervals, control variables more precisely."

"What is correlation?"

"A relationship between two variables, showing size and direction."

"Why is correlation not the same as causation?"

"Correlation doesn't prove one variable causes the other."

"Give an example of correlation vs causation."

"Sunglasses sales and hayfever correlate but one does not cause the other."

"What is causation?"

"Cause and effect - one event directly results in another."

"What leads to modification of scientific theories?"

"New evidence and improved technology."

"Example of theory modified with new evidence?"

"Atomic model developed with new technology."

"What is a scientific theory vs a scientific explanation?"

"Theory: general explanation applied widely. Explanation: applying a theory to a specific case."

"What is peer review?"

"Evaluation of new scientific claims by other scientists before acceptance."

"What are models in science?"

"Simplified representations to explain ideas and predict outcomes."

"What are representational models?"

"Use analogies or diagrams (e.g. particle model, atomic diagrams)."

"What are mathematical models?"

"Use data and equations to predict behaviour, often using computers."

"What is a limitation of the particle model?"

"It shows atoms as solid spheres and ignores forces between them."

"Give examples of science benefits."

"Catalytic converters, fuel cells, cracking hydrocarbons, fertilisers, potable water."

"What are risks of science and technology?"

"Pollution, accidents, environmental harm - reduced with sustainability and controls."

"What is a perceived risk?"

"A personal belief about risk, often an overestimate compared to calculated risk."

"Give an example of an ethical issue in science."

"Adding chemicals to water, or use of nanotechnology."

"What is the general ethical principle in science decisions?"

"The best decision gives the greatest benefit to the most people."

"Why is communication important in science?"

"Scientists must explain findings clearly to the public, other scientists, and policymakers to aid decisions."