Control of Communicable and Non Communicable Diseases

NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

- It is a medical condition that is NON INFECTIOUS and NON TRANSMISSIBLE. Often referred to as: chronic diseases.

- Also referred to as: "lifestyle-related diseases"

75%

Estimated percentage of total deaths can be attributed to non communicable diseases

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

- A disease that involves the heart and blood vessels

- aka "heart disease"

CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE

- aka "stroke"

- A group of brain dysfunction related to disease of the blood vessels supplying the brain

ATHEROSCLEROSIS

A disease of the blood vessels characterized by the deposition of fats and cholesterol within the walls of the artery

HYPERTENSION

A systolic blood pressure equal to or above 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure equal to or above 90 mmHg

1. Screening for hypertension

2. Screening for elevated cholesterol

Two strategies involved in the prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease

CANCER

-

aka "malignant neoplasm"

- A group of various diseases involving unregulated cell growth

CARCINOGENS

Substances that cause some cells to undergo genetic mutations

d. lack of sleep

which of the following is not a lifestyle-related factor involved in the causation of cancer:

a. cigarette smoking

b. alcohol drinking

c. unhealthy diet

d. lack of sleep

e. physical inactivity

f. overweight/obesity

- Changes in bowel/bladder habits

- A sore throat that does not heal

- Unusual bleeding or discharge

- Thickening or lump in breast

- Indigestion or difficulty of swallowing

- Obvious change in a wart or mole

- Nagging cough or hoarseness

- Unexplained anemia

- Sudden weight loss

what are the different warning signs?

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE

A disease of the lungs in which the airways narrow over time and involves: chronic bronchitis, chronic asthma, Emphysema [the inner walls of the lungs' air sacs (alveoli) are damaged, causing them to eventually rupture]

SMOKING

A strong risk factor for COPD

DIABETES MELLITUS

A group of metabolic diseases in which an individual has high blood sugar because the cells do not respond to the insulin produced.

- Polyuria (excreting large amts. of urine)

- Polydipsia (extreme thirstiness)

- Polyphagia (eats excessive amts. of food)

- Weight loss

- Vision changes

- Fatigue

what are the signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus?

- physical inactivity

- cigarette smoking

- unhealthy eating

- excessive alcohol drinking

- viruses

- radiation

what are the risk factors of noncommunicable diseases?

physical inactivity

most important public health problems of the 21st century

CIGARETTE SMOKING

A primary risk factor for development of NCDs.

- damages the lining of blood vessels

- reduces oxygen in the blood

what did studies reveal about smoking cigarettes?

Obesogenic (unhealthy eating)

\____ is one of the major risk factors responsible for the global increase of:

- cardiovascular disease

- cancer

- diabetes

- obesity

- Saturated and trans fats,

- Cholesterol and salt,

- Low intake of fruits, vegetables, and fish

Linked to overweight and obesity are high dietary intakes of:

- blood pressure,

- cholesterol,

- triglycerides, and

- insulin resistance

Evidence suggests that unhealthy eating has adverse metabolic effects in:

gastrointestinal and cardiovascular disturbances.

Ingestion of excessive alcohol may lead to metabolic and physiological effects on all organ systems such as:

- malabsorption,

- inflammation of the GI tract,

- liver problems, and

- cancer (breast, liver, esophagus, mouth, and larynx)

alcohol may cause:

increasing glucose levels in the blood

Alcohol consumption predict diabetes incidence by \_____.

mutation

Viruses cause \____ by breaking the normal cell's DNA chain during infection.

oncoviruses

Viruses capable of causing cancer

- papillomavirus

- epstein-barr virus

- HTLV-1 or T-lymphotropic virus

- hep b or hep c virus

some cancers are caused by:

nasopharyngeal cancer and anal cancer

which cancers are associated with epstein-barr virus?

radiation

energy emitted and transferred through matter and space

breaking DNA molecules

Ionizing radiation causes tissue and cell damage by \____

DNA mutation

UV radiation adversely affects the genes and cell enzymes causing \____.

UV radiation

major cause of skin cancer worldwide

(1) Promote physical activity and exercise

(2) Promote healthy diet and nutrition

(3) Stress management

recommended health lifestyle practices:

physical activity

any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in expenditure or energy and includes:

- occupational,

- leisure-time,

- routine daily activities.

exercise

subctegory of physical activity that is planned, structured, repetitive, and aimed at improving or maintaining physical fitness or health

physical fitness

measure of a person's ability to perform physical activities with vigor and alertness without undue fatigue and with ample energy to enjoy leisure-time pursuits and respond to emergencies.

strength, endurance, flexibility, speed, balance, reaction time, and body composition

the requirements of physical fitness are:

good nutrition

primary determinant of good health/cornerstone of good health

A = aim for physical fitness.

B = build a healthy base of nutrition practices.

C = choose foods sensibly.

ABC's of good nutrition

body mass index and waist circumference

methods to use to assess healthy weight

Body Mass Index

Weight in kgs divided by body height in meters squared (kg/m2)

waist circumference

Used to assess central fat distribution and the degree of abdominal obesity

- halfway between the lowest rib

- top of the hipbone,

- in line with the belly button.

Accurate measurement of waist circumference is achieved by measuring

- standing position with relaxed abdominal muscles,