Module 3: Behavioral Perspective

Pavlov: Stimulus and Response 1

Seeing food, dog salivates (Unconditioned Stimulus→ Unconditioned Response)

Ring a been when food comes

Similar bell→ salivation due to stimulus generalization

Now bell causes salivation(Conditioned stimulus→ Conditioned response)

A child who is frightened by a dog and develops a fear of other dogs is exhibiting which of the following principles of learning?

Stimulus generalization

Thorndike

Trial and error and its effect

Watson

Shaping new feelings

Skinner

reinforcing by increments (taking away slowly)

Secondary reinforcers

symbol or currency for reward

Continuous reinforcement

Subject expects reward for every performance

Intermittent reinforcement

Random and decreasing rewards (better and faster)

When to reinforce: variable ratio

reinforce at no set number of times

When to Reinforce : Fixed interval

reinforce after a set amount of time

When to reinforce: Fixed ratio

reinforce every time

Using the principle of successive approximations involves which of the following?

Reinforcing responses that represent progress toward a desired response

Alice maintains a messy desk in order to gain attention from her teacher. For Alice, the teacher's attention serves as which of the following?

Positive reinforcement

Professor Wong is known for giving unscheduled quizzes in his class. Some weeks he gives three quizzes. Then he will go two weeks with no quiz. What schedule of reinforcement is Professor Wong using?

Variable interval

At the end of each class period, a teacher rewards students for thoughtful or courteous behavior. Which of the following is a schedule of reinforcement that the teacher is using?

Fixed interval

Premack principle

get thing you want by doing thing you don't like (preferred activity should be used to strengthen a less preferred behavior)

Shaping

reinforcing partial or approximate correct behavior

What about praising?

Ripple effect

can get students to work/behave better to earn same reward BUT can backfire

When teachers praise students who score the highest on tests or who do work without mistakes, this often makes other students

Give up if they are not also doing well

Which of the following strategies is LEAST likely to increase test scores?

Giving rewards to students who get very high test scores

When Jamal's teammates stopped paying attention to his boasting, he boasted less and less frequently. The concept best exemplified by Jamal's change in behavior is

Extinction

Bandura: Vicarious learning

Combination of behavior environment, and attitude

Direct modeling: adults and peers in environment

Symbolic modeling: Movies, celebrities, TV, AD's & ect

According to Albert Bandura, which of the following is the most powerful source of self-efficacy for a child?

Mastery experiences

Which of the following practices promotes a performance goal orientation

Posting the names of students who pass a classroom test

Respondent conditioning

begins with involuntary responses to particular sights, sounds. Or together sensations.

Discrimination learning

has occued, meaning that the indiuvdial has learned todisingish or epsond differently to one stimulus than to another

Operant conditioning

focuses on how the effects of consequences on behaviors.

Extrinsically motivated

meaning that another part of reinforcement came from consequences or experiences not inherently part of the activity or behavior itself

Extinction

refers to the disappearance of something. What disappears is the operant behavior because of the lack of reinforcement

Assimilation

is the interpretation of new information in terms of pre-existing concepts, information or ideas.

Cognitive equilibrium

which is a balance between reliance on prior information and openness to new information.

Schema

was not merely a concept but an elaborated mixture of vocabulary, actions and experiences related to the concept.