Untitled Flashcard Set

What are the two main types of respiration pathways?

Aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.

What are the end products of aerobic respiration?

Carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).

What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

Oxygen.

What is oxidation in redox reactions?

The loss of electrons, resulting in an increase in positive charge.

What is reduction in redox reactions?

The gain of electrons, resulting in a decrease in positive charge.

What is the role of redox reactions in cellular respiration?

They allow the cell to extract energy from glucose in a controlled manner.

Where does glycolysis take place in a eukaryotic cell?

In the cytosol.

What are the primary inputs of glycolysis?

Glucose, 2 ATP, and 2 NAD+.

How many net ATP are produced during glycolysis?

2 ATP.

What is the difference between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?

Substrate-level phosphorylation directly transfers a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP, while oxidative phosphorylation generates ATP through the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.

What happens to pyruvate before it enters the citric acid cycle?

It undergoes pyruvate oxidation, producing Acetyl CoA, CO2, and NADH.

What is the role of oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation?

It acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.

How is the proton motive force generated?

By actively pumping protons (H+) across the inner mitochondrial membrane during electron transport.

What is the purpose of the proton motive force?

To drive the synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase during chemiosmosis.

What are the two main types of fermentation?

Alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.

What is the main energy source after carbohydrates?

Fats, which are the most energy-dense molecules.

How do proteins compare in energy production to carbohydrates and fats?

Proteins are generally not used as primary energy sources and their breakdown is less efficient and more complex.

What is beta-oxidation?

The process by which fatty acids are broken down into two-carbon units (Acetyl CoA) for entry into the citric acid cycle.

What is deamination in protein metabolism?

The removal of the amino group from amino acids before they can enter metabolic pathways.