Key Concepts in Early American History
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82 Terms
Nation
A group of people with shared culture, history, language, and identity.
State
A political entity with defined borders, government, and sovereignty.
Nation-State
A political unit where the boundaries of a nation coincide with those of a state.
Ramon Pane
A Spanish friar who documented indigenous TaĂno culture and religion in the Caribbean.
Manifest Destiny
The 19th-century belief that the U.S. was destined to expand across North America.
Columbian Exchange
The widespread transfer of plants, animals, people, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds.
Requerimiento
A Spanish document used to justify conquest by demanding indigenous submission to Spanish rule.
Royal Patent
A legal document granting rights or privileges, often for exploration or colonization.
Charter
A document granting rights and privileges to individuals or groups, often for colonization.
Virginia Company
A joint-stock company chartered by King James I to establish settlements in North America.
Pilgrims
A group of English separatists who settled in Plymouth in 1620 seeking religious freedom.
Magna Carta
A 1215 document limiting the English monarchy's power and establishing legal rights.
Puritans
A religious group seeking to reform the Church of England, settling in Massachusetts Bay.
John Locke
An Enlightenment thinker advocating natural rights and government by consent.
King Philip's War
A 1675-1676 conflict between Native Americans and New England settlers.
Bacon's Rebellion
A 1676 revolt in Virginia over colonial policies on land and Native relations.
New York Slave Conspiracy
A suspected 1741 plot by enslaved people and poor whites to revolt in NYC.
Join or Die
A 1754 political cartoon by Ben Franklin urging colonial unity.
Great Awakening
A religious revival of the 1730s-1740s emphasizing personal faith.
French and Indian War
A 1754-1763 conflict between Britain and France in North America.
Sugar/Stamp/Tea/Coercive Acts
British laws taxing American colonies, fueling revolutionary sentiment.
Somerset v. Stewart
A 1772 British case ruling slavery was unsupported by English law.
Lord Dunmore
The last royal governor of Virginia, who offered freedom to enslaved people joining the British.
Pennsylvania Abolition Law
A 1780 law gradually abolishing slavery in Pennsylvania.
Continental Congress
A body of colonial delegates organizing resistance against Britain.
Declaration of Independence
The 1776 document asserting U.S. independence from Britain.
Treaty of Paris
The 1783 treaty ending the American Revolution and recognizing U.S. independence.
Loyalists
Colonists loyal to Britain during the Revolution.
Republic
A government where citizens elect representatives.
Articles of Confederation
The first U.S. constitution, later replaced due to its weaknesses.
Northwest Ordinance
A 1787 law organizing new territories and banning slavery in the Northwest.
Shay's Rebellion
A 1786-87 uprising protesting economic injustices in Massachusetts.
3/5 Compromise
A Constitutional provision counting enslaved individuals as 3/5 of a person.
The Federalist Papers
Essays advocating for U.S. Constitution ratification.
The Constitution
The 1787 framework establishing the U.S. government.
Bill of Rights
The first ten U.S. Constitutional amendments protecting individual liberties.
Hamilton's Economic Plan
Policies stabilizing U.S. finances, including a national bank.
French Revolution
A 1789-99 movement overthrowing France's monarchy.
Haitian Revolution
A successful slave revolt (1791-1804) in Haiti.
Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists
Debate over a strong central government vs. states' rights.
Democratic-Republican Party
A party favoring states' rights and an agrarian society.
Electoral College
A system for electing the U.S. president through state-chosen electors.
Alien and Sedition Acts
1798 laws restricting speech and immigration.
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Statements arguing states could nullify unconstitutional federal laws.
Election of 1800
A peaceful transfer of power between political parties in the U.S.
John Marshall
A Chief Justice who strengthened the federal government.
Louisiana Purchase
The 1803 U.S. acquisition of French territory doubling its size.
War of 1812
A conflict between the U.S. and Britain over trade and expansion.
American Colonization Society
An organization advocating for freed slaves to relocate to Africa.
Missouri Compromise
A law balancing free and slave states in 1820.
Populism
A political movement emphasizing the rights of common people.
Elections of 1824/28
Controversial elections involving Andrew Jackson.
Andrew Jackson
The 7th U.S. president, known for populism and Indian removal.
Party Ticket
A political ballot listing a party's candidates.
Market Revolution
A shift to an industrial and market-based economy in the early 1800s.
Erie Canal
A canal connecting the Great Lakes to New York City.
Middle Class
A growing social class of professionals and merchants.
Temperance Movement
A campaign against alcohol consumption.
Second Great Awakening
A religious revival emphasizing personal salvation.
Abolitionists
Individuals advocating for the end of slavery.
Nativism
A movement opposing immigration.
Second Party System
The emergence of Whigs and Democrats.
Indian Removal
A policy forcing Native Americans off their lands.
Domestic Dependent Nations
A legal term for Native American tribes under U.S. authority.
Nullification Crisis
A conflict over a state's right to nullify federal laws.
Second Bank of the U.S.
A controversial national bank dissolved by Andrew Jackson.
Gag Rule
A rule preventing discussion of slavery in Congress.
Panic of 1837
A financial crisis leading to an economic depression.
Telegraph
An invention revolutionizing communication.
Railroad
A major advancement in transportation.
Annexation
The incorporation of a territory into a country.
Mexican War
A conflict between the U.S. and Mexico (1846-1848).
Wilmot Proviso
A failed proposal to ban slavery in new territories.
Frederick Douglass
An abolitionist leader and former enslaved person.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
The treaty ending the Mexican War.
Free Soil Movement
A political movement opposing slavery expansion.
Compromise of 1850
A set of laws balancing free and slave states.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
A law allowing territories to decide on slavery.
Republican Party
A political party opposing slavery expansion.
Dred Scott v. Sandford
A Supreme Court case ruling enslaved people were not citizens.
John Brown
An abolitionist who led a violent anti-slavery uprising.
Election of 1860
Lincoln's election triggering Southern secession.