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pitot tubes measure altitude based on
air pressure difference
atmospheric pressure (increases/decreases) with a decrease in altitude
Increases
atmospheric pressure (increases/decreases) with an increase in temp
increases
pitot tubes measures
ram air (velocity of relative wind)
pitot ram air and static port are compared in the
air speed indicator
VSI and altimeter only get
ambient pressure from static port
static port
flush on side of fuselage to measure ambient pressure
pitot static system is used by
Altimeter VSI ASI
ASI works by
comparing ram air and static air
ASI has a _____ that expands/contracts with_______
diaphragm, pressure
ASI compares
ambient pressure and dynamic pressure
Vs0
stall speed with flaps
Vs1
stall speed clean
this always happens before structural damage occurs
stalls
Va range
98-113
Max weight
2550
Vx is best
angle
Vy is best
climb
IAS
indicated airspeed, what it reads
CAS
calibrated airspeed, airspeed corrected for installation/instrument error (static port is on the wing, but it would be optimal if it were on the nose)
TAS
true airspeed, CAS corrected for altitude/pressure, non-standard temp
TAS (increases/decreases) with altitude
increases
GS
groundspeed— TAS adjusted for wind
in a headwind, true airspeed is _____than groundspeed
greater
in a tailwind, true airspeed is ____ than groundspeed
lower
IAS is (higher/lower) at a higher altitude, because there are fewer air molecules to enter the pitot tube. However, true airspeed is the ______
lower, same
mach number is the ratio of the ____ to the ____
true airspeed, speed of sound
the speed of sound is a ___________, therefore mach number changes
function of temperature
altimeter Is affected by changes in _____
pressure
altimeter only receives _____ from the static port
ambient pressure
kollsman window
window where you set the pressure in the altimeter
if you can’t get the altimeter setting, set it to
field elevation
3 stacked aneroid wafers are set to a pressure of ____, but altimeter adjustments and the static port change it
29.92 Hg
ISA
international standard atmosphere
at sea level
15C, 29.92 Hg
Absolute altitude
actual feet AGL
True altitude
feet above MSL
Pressure altitude
distance above standard datum plane at 29.92hg
Density altitude
pressure altitude corrected for non-standard pressure/temp
high to low
look out below (reset your altimeter)
VSI measures a _____ to give you your fpm changes
change in static pressure
VSI gets (ambient/static pressure) from the static port
ambient
VSI has a _____to allow the pressure to “update” via the _____ as you fly
calibrated leak, diaphragm
if the pitot tube (ram air) is blocked,
airspeed drops to zero
if both the pitot tube (ram air) and drain hole are blocked, then you only get air from the static port and the ASI acts like an
altimeter
if the static port is blocked,
ASI: inaccurate
Altimeter: frozen
VSI: zero
Find alt static source
gyroscopic principles operate on
rigidity in space (resists change to movement)
gyroscopic precession (tilting/turning in response to pressure)
attitude and heading indicator are ____powered
vacuum
heading indicator is/is not north seeking, so you need to reset it
is not
turn coordinator Is ____powered
electrically
magnetic compass has no frictional errors because it is
suspended in fluid
magnetic compass errors
Variation
Deviation/dip—caused by metals/electrical fields, caused by magnet wanting to point north. greatest near the poles
Magnetic variation
Oscillation—combo of all errors
Northerly turning errors—NOSE
Acceleration—ANDS
AD-AHRS
air data computer for PFD
Attitude indicator/accelerometer
HSI/magnetometers
Rate turn indicator and sensors
Turn coordination/inclinometers
Air data computer calculates
altimeter tape/VSI