CH 19 and 20 Vocab

Hydrocarbon

An organic compound composed only hof carbon and hydrogen

Alkane

A hydrocarbon characterized by a straight or branched carbon chain that contains only single bonds

Alkene

A hydrocarbon that contains one or more double bonds

Alkyne

A hydrocarbon that contains one or more triple bonds

Aromatic hydrocarbon

A member of the class of hydrocarbons (of which benzene is the first member) that consists of assemblages of cyclic conjugated carbon atoms and that is characterized by large resonance energies

Functional group

The portion of a molecule that is active in a chemical reaction and that determines the properties of many organic compounds

Isomer

One of two or more compounds that have the same chemical composition but different structures

Saturated Hydrocarbon

An organic compound formed only by carbon and hydrogen linked by single bonds

Unsaturated Hydrocarbon

A hydrocarbon that has available valence bonds, usually from double or triple bonds with carbon

Substitution reaction

A reaction in which one or more atoms replace another atom or group of atoms in a molecule

Addition Reaction

A reaction in which an atom or molecule is added to an unsaturated molecule

Polymer

A large molecule that is formed by more than five monomers, or small units

Elimination Reaction

A reaction in which a simple molecule, such as water or ammonia, is removed and a new compound is produced

Carbohydrate

Any organic compound that is made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and that provides nutrients to the cells of living things

Monosaccharide

A simple sugar that is the basic subunit of a carbohydrate

Disaccharide

A sugar formed from two monosaccharides

Polysaccharide

One of the carbohydrates made of long chains of simple sugars; polysaccharides include starch, cellulose, and glycogen

Condensation Reaction (Ch.20)

A chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to produce water or another simple molecule

Hydrolysis

A chemical reaction between water and another substance to form two or more new substances

Lipid

A type of biochemical that does not dissolve in water, including fats and steroids; lipids store energy and make up cell membranes

Protein

An organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells

Amino Acid

Any one of 20 different organic molecules that contain a carboxyl and an amino group and that combine to form proteins

Polypeptide

A long chain of several amino acids

Peptide Bond

The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid

Enzyme

A type of protein that speeds up metabolic reactions in plants and animals without being permanently changed or destroyed

Denature

To change irreversibly the structure or shape, and thus the solubility and other properties of a protein by heating, shaking, or treating the protein with acid, alkali, or other species

Nucleic Acid

An organic compound either RNA or DNA, whose molecules are made up of one or two chains of nucleotides and carry genetic information

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acid, the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics

Gene

A segment of DNA that is located in a chromosome and that codes for a specific hereditary trait

DNA Fingerprint

The pattern of bands that results when an individual’s DNA sample is fragmented, replicated, and separated

Clone

An organism that is produced by asexual reproduction and that is genetically identical to its parent; to make a genetic duplicate

Recombinant DNA

DNA molecules that are artificially created by combining DNA from different sources

Photosynthesis

The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen

Respiration

The process by which cells produce energy from carbohydrates; atmospheric oxygen combines with glucose to form water and carbon dioxide

ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate, an organic molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes; composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups