SOC

"The recognized violation of cultural norms" refers to the concept of
a. juvenile delinquency
b. crime
c. legal infraction
d. deviance

d. deviance

"Crime" differs from "deviance" in that crime
a. is always more serious
b. refers to violation of norms enacted into law
c. involves a larger share of the population
d. is usually less serious

b. refers to violation of norms enacted into law

Every society uses various strategies to regulate the behavior of individuals; this general process is called \________
a. self control
b. social control
c. the legal system
d. conscience

b. social control

Based on your reading, it would be correct to say that biological approaches offer \________
a. a good explanation of most crimes
b. a very limited understanding of crime
c. a good explanation of property crime
d. a good explanation of violent crime

b. a very limited understanding of crime

The value of psychological theories of deviance is limited because:
a. there has been very little research of this kind
b. most people who commit crimes have normal personalities
c. very few people experience an "unsuccessful socialization"
d. there is no way to distinguish "normal" from "abnormal" people

b. most people who commit crimes have normal personalities

In his study of New England's Puritans, Kai Erikson concluded:

a. the proportion of people in the population that the Puritans defined as deviant kept rising over time.
b. very religious people create very little deviance.
c. even this disciplined and highly religious group created deviance to clarify the moral boundaries of their community.
d. people everywhere define mostly the same things as deviant.

c. even this disciplined and highly religious group created deviance to clarify the moral boundaries of their community.

In Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance, \________ refers to the process of seeking conventional goals but rejecting the conventional means to achieve them.
a. innovation
b. ritualism
c. retreatism
d. rebellion

a. innovation

Cloward and Ohlin extended Merton's theory of deviance, stating that crime \________
a. is defined in such a way as to overly criminalize the poor
b. is more common among the rich who have more opportunity
c. reflects both limited legitimate opportunity as well as accessible illegitimate opportunity
d. is typically a result of drug dependence or other substance addiction

c. reflects both limited legitimate opportunity as well as accessible illegitimate opportunity

Participating in the subculture that Elijah Anderson describes as "the code of the streets" raises the risk that young people will end up
a. in jail or worse
b. having a career in law enforcement
c. conforming to conventional morality
d. doing better than their parents

a. in jail or worse

The basic idea behind labeling theory is that \________
a. deviance arises not so much from what people do as how others respond to what they do.
b. deviance is actually useful in a number of ways
c. deviance is actually a myth
d. power has much to do with how a society defines deviance

a. deviance arises not so much from what people do as how others respond to what they do.

Edwin Lemert described "primary deviance" as \________
a. the experience of deviance early in life.
b. actions that parents define as deviant.
c. a passing episode of deviance that has little effect on the person's self-concept.
d. the most serious episodes of deviance

c. a passing episode of deviance that has little effect on the person's self-concept.

What concept did Erving Goffman use to refer to a powerful and negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identity?
a. a secondary identity
b. stigma
c. a deviant ritual
d. a degradation ceremony

b. Stigma

An example of the "medicalization of deviance" is \________
a. drinking too much being redefined as a personal failing
b. when people steal drugs to self meditate
c. promiscuity being redefined as a moral failing
d. theft being redefined as a "compulsive stealing"

d. theft being redefined as a "compulsive stealing"

Whether people respond to deviance as a moral issue or a medical matter affects \________
a. whether the person's deviance is labeled as primary or secondary.
b. whether or not the person gets the appropriate care.
c. whether a person is labeled retrospectively or projectively.
d. whether the person is subject to punishment or treatment.

d. whether a person is subject to punishment or treatment

Travis Hirschi's control theory suggests that the category of people most likely to engage in deviance is \________
a. teenagers on sports teams with after-school jobs.
b. youngsters who "hang out" waiting for something to happen.
c. students enrolled in college.
d. young people with respect for their parents.

b. youngsters who "hang out" waiting for something to happen

According to the social-conflict approach, what a society labels as deviant is based primarily on \________
a. the moral foundation of the culture.
b. how harmful the act is to the public as a whole.
c. differences in power between various categories of people.
d. how often the act occurs.

c. differences in power between various categories of people.

Crime committed by persons of high social position during the course of carrying out their occupations is called \________
a. street crime.
b. victimless crime.
c. organized crime.
d. white-collar crime.

d. white-collar crime

Organized crime refers to \________
a. illegal actions on the part of a corporation or large business.
b. illegal actions by people with white-collar jobs.
c. any business that supplies illegal goods or services.
d. crime involving the cooperation of two or more businesses.

c. any business that supplies illegal goods or services.

In legal terms, a crime is composed of which two components?
a. A criminal and a victim
b. The law and the violation
c. The act and the social harm
d. The act and criminal intent

d. The act and criminal intent

In the US, though the crime rate has gone down in recent years, the number of people in prison has gone up.
a. true
b. false

a. true

The point of the story about passenger deaths that accompanied the sinking of the Titanic is that:
a. social stratification often has little to do with everyday life
b. women and children are always treated better in civil societies
c. advanced technology cannot prevent tragedy
d. all people have the same right to life
e. social stratification is important and can sometimes be a matter of life and death

e. social stratification is important and can sometimes be a matter of life and death

Social stratification is a concept that refers to:
a. all of these are correct
b. the idea that some people are more talented than others
c. ranking categories of people in a hierarchy
d. equality in society
e. specialization in productive ways

c. ranking categories of people in a hierarchy

Using the sociological perspective, we see that social stratification:
a. ensures that hard work will lead people to become wealthy
b. places everyone on a level playing field
c. means that what people get out of life is pretty much what they put into it
d. gives some people more privileges and opportunities than others

d. gives some people more privileges and opportunities than others

A caste system is defined as
a. a meritocracy
b. social stratification based on personal achievement
c. any social system in which categories of people are unequal
d. social stratification based on ascription, or birth
e. a system that is based on universal virtues of justice and truth

d. social stratification based on ascription, or birth

A category of people defined as "untouchable" because they perform work that is viewed as "unclean" has been part of social stratification in
a. india
b. canada
c. the former Soviet Union
d. Sweden

a. India

The historical practice in England of passing on property to only the first-born male descendant is called
a. the law of status consistency
b. the law of meritocracy
c. the law of the estates
d. the law of primogeniture

d. the law of primogeniture

The concept of structural social mobility refers to
a. change in a family's social position from one generation to the next
b. cultural beliefs that justify social stratification
c. change in social position due to people's own efforts
d. change in the social position of many people due to changes in society itself
e. cultural beliefs about human superiority

d. change in the social position of many people due to changes in society itself

Ideology, or beliefs that support social stratification, is found in
a. caste systems
b. only US society
c. class systems
d. both class and caste systems

d. both class and caste systems

Who coined the concept "survival of the fittest"?
a. Charles Darwin
b. Max Weber
c. Herbert Spencer
d. Karl Marx

c. Herbert Spencer

According to the Davis-Moore thesis:
a. meritocracy is less productive than a caste system
b. complete equality is functional for every society
c. the more inequality a society has, the more productive it is
d. more important jobs must provide enough rewards to attract the talent necessary to perform them

d. more important jobs must provide enough rewards to attract the talent necessary to perform them

Work involving mostly mental activity is called
a. pink-collar work
b. agrarian work
c. blue-collar work
d. white-collar work

d. white-collar work

Max Weber claimed that social position was based on a person's
a. birth alone
b. innate intelligence, birth, and skin color
c. innate abilities alone
d. economic class, degree of social status, and amount of power

d. economic class, degree of social status, and amount of power

Which concept refers to earnings from work or any investments?
a. wealth
b. personal property
c. income
d. power

c. income

The total amount of financial assets, minus any debts, is one's:
a. personal property
b. wealth
c. income
d. power

b. wealth

The richest 5 percent of U.S. families own about what percentage of privately owned property?
a. 63%
b. 13%
c. 33%
d. 3%

a. 63%

About what share of U. S. adults over the age of twenty-five are college graduates?
a. 45%
b. 70%
c. 10%
d. 30%

d. 30%

In general, people of low social class position
a. live as long as people of higher class positions
b. live in less safe and more stressful environments
c. live longer than people of higher class positions
d. are likely to describe their own health as "excellent"

b. live in less safe and more stressful environments

Which concept refers to change in social position during a person's lifetime?
a. intergenerational social mobility
b. structural social mobility
c. intragenerational social mobility
d. horizontal social mobility

c. intragenerational social mobility

During the last twenty years, which category of the U.S. population has experienced the largest gains in average income?
a. The middle 20 percent
b. All income categories have experienced about the same level of upward social mobility.
c. The highest-paid 20 percent
d. The lowest-paid 20 percent

c. The highest-paid 20 percent

In 2015, how many people were counted by the U.S. government as having income below the official poverty line?
a. 430 million
b. 430,000
c. 4.3 million
d. 43 million

d. 43 million

The U.S. Census Bureau defines the "family" as \________
a. people who engage in economic cooperation.
b. people who consider themselves to be a family.
c. people living together linked by birth, marriage, or adoption.
d. people who live together.

c. people living together linked by birth, marriage, or adoption.

Which of the following is not a typically traits of marriage?
a. childbearing
b. economic cooperation
c. educational achievement
d. sexual activity
e. a legal relationship

c. educational achievement

A family composed of one or two parents and their children is called \________
a. an extended family
b. a family of affinity
c. a consanguine family
d. a nuclear family

d. a nuclear family

A system of marriage that unites one woman with two or more men is called \________
a. polygyny
b. polyandry
c. monogamy
d. polygamy

b. polyandry

The concept of "patrilocality" refers to \_______
a. rule of men over women.
b. a system of tracing descent through males.
c. a residential pattern by which a married couple lives near the husband's family.
d. a family composed of only males.

c. a residential pattern by which a married couple lives near the husband's family.

A social-exchange analysis of family life is likely to consider:
a. how families perpetuate social inequality.
b. how families keep society as a whole operating.
c. how families regulate sexual activity.
d. how individuals select partners who offer about as much as they do to the relationship.

d. how individuals select partners who offer about as much as they do to the relationship.

In the United States, romantic love \________
a. is the reason most people expect to marry.
b. is not a very stable foundation for marriage.
c. All of these responses are correct.
d. may contribute to a high divorce rate.

c. All of these responses are correct.

What is the effect of industrialization on the number of children in a typical family?
a. Families no longer care about how many children they have.
b. Families have more children.
c. Families have fewer children.
d. Families have the same number of children.

c. families have fewer children

Today's baby boomers are often called the "sandwich generation" because \________
a. they do not easily mix family and work responsibilities.
b. of their love of fast food.
c. their families rarely eat meals together.
d. they spend time caring for both children and aging parents.

d. they spend time caring for both children and aging parents.

Regardless of race, families headed by single women are:
a. much smaller than other family types.
b. much larger than other family types.
c. at high risk for poverty.
d. likely to experience greater upward social mobility

c. at high risk for poverty

Mounting research suggests that cohabitation \________
a. strengthens a couple's commitment to one another.
b. has become extremely rare in the United States.
c. may actually discourage marriage.
d. increases the financial security of children.

c. may actually discourage marriage.

Compared to what it was a century ago, the U.S. divorce rate is:
a. about the same
b. half what it was
c. twice as high
d. about three times higher

d. about three times higher

Most people in the United States who divorce \________
a. have experienced family violence.
b. remarry within five years.
c. experience a rising standard of living.
d. remain single.

b. remarry within five years

The concept of sacred refers to what is \________
a. no longer found in today's world.
b. found in every culture.
c. seen as set apart from everyday life and extraordinary.
d. common to everyday life.

c. seen as set apart from everyday life and extraordinary

Faith is a way of knowing based on \_______
a. conviction or belief in things unseen
b. a culture's common sense
c. scientific research
d. what our human senses tell us

a. conviction or belief in things unseen

Which of the following concepts was used by Emile Durkheim to refer to an object in the natural world collectively defined as sacred?
a. profanity
b. symbol
c. icon
d. totem

d. totem

Karl Marx believed that religion \________
a. treats existing society as secular.
b. focuses life on the present rather than the future.
c. supports social inequality.
d. was a sure sign that revolutionary change was coming.

c. supports social inequality

What do the sacred texts of Christianity, Judaism, and Islam have in common?
a. belief in multiple deities
b. support for patriarchy
c. the use of the same sacred symbols
d. support for secularization

b. support for patriarchy

In his analysis of Protestantism and the rise of capitalism, Max Weber stated that Protestantism \________
a. encouraged greater gender equality.
b. held back the development of capitalism.
c. supported the status quo.
d. stressed duty and hard work, boosting economic production and fostering the rise of capitalism.

d. stressed duty and hard work, boosting economic production and fostering the rise of capitalism.

Supporters of liberation theology hope that this social movement will achieve which of the following goals?
a. Reducing social inequality and, especially, poverty
b. Keeping politics out of the church
c. Helping people endure their suffering
d. Encouraging personal growth

a. Reducing social inequality and, especially, poverty

As the official Church of England, the Anglican Church is correctly described as which of the following?
a. state church
b. sect
c. denomination
d. cult

a. state church

In the United States, the Amish would be an example of a:
a. cult
b. state church
c. denomination
d. sect

d. sect

A charismatic leader is most likely to be found in which of the following?
a. denomination
b. cult
c. church
d. state church

b. cult

Animism is the belief that \________
a. people can find little meaning in their everyday lives.
b. nothing is sacred.
c. God has a plan for the entire world.
d. everything in the world is a conscious, living force that is able to affect us.

d. everything in the world is a conscious, living force that is able to affect us.

On national surveys, about what percentage of people in the United States claim to believe in a divine power?
a. 20 percent
b. 40 percent
c. 90 percent
d. 60 percent

c. 90 percent

Which social institution do most sociologists claim has the greatest effect on society as a whole?
a. the political system
b. religion
c. the family
d. the economy

d. the economy

As a social institution, the economy does all of the following, except for:
a. guides the consumption of goods and services
b. distributes goods and services
c. produces goods and services
d. regulates state and federal representative leadership

d. regulates state and federal representative leadership

Over the course of human history, revolutionary changes in which of the following have brought great transformation to the economy?
a. natural resources
b. population size
c. production technology
d. family structure

c. production technology

The text describes three technological revolutions that transformed all of social life. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
a. The Immigration Revolution
b. The Information Revolution
c. The Industrial Revolution
d. The Agricultural Revolution

a. The Immigration Revolution

The development of agriculture was set in motion by \________
a. using animals to pull the plow
b. the discovery of oil
c. changes in the church
d. the discovery of writing

a. using animals to pull the plow

The economy first became a distinct social institution during which historical stage of technological development?
a. Agrarian societies
b. Industrial societies
c. Postindustrial societies
d. Hunting and gathering societies

a. Agrarian societies

The Industrial Revolution was based on \________
a. the spread of cottage industry.
b. new sources of energy.
c. people beginning to work in their homes.
d. a decrease in productive specialization.

b. new sources of energy.

The postindustrial economy is defined by \________
a. the spread of factories.
b. mass production of goods and services.
c. service work largely based on computer technology.
d. manufacturing of raw materials

c. service work largely based on computer technology.

Which sector of the economy generates raw materials directly from the natural environment?
a. none of the other responses are correct
b. primary sector
c. secondary sector
d. tertiary sector

b. primary sector

In the United States, about what percentage of the labor force performs tertiary sector work?
a. 10 percent
b. 80 percent
c. 30 percent
d. 50 percent

b. 80 percent

The concept of "global economy" refers to \________
a. the fact that only a few countries now contribute to the global economy.
b. the fact that economic output is under the control of global political leadership.
c. economic activity that moves across national borders.
d. the world's economic output not keeping up with population increase.

c. economic activity that moves across national borders.

Capitalism is an economic system in which there is \________
a. pursuit of collective goals
b. government control of production
c. a focus on well-being for the people with the greatest need
d. private ownership of property

d. private ownership of property

In a capitalist economic system, "justice" amounts to \________
a. doing what is best for society's poorest members.
b. everyone being more or less economically equal.
c. government regulating economic activity.
d. freedom of the marketplace allowing people to follow their self-interest.

d. freedom of the marketplace allowing people to follow their self-interest.

The social thinker whose ideas provide the greatest support for the operation of a free-market economy was \________
a. thorstein veblen
b. max weber
c. Karl marx
d. Adam smith

d. Adam smith

Socialism is an economic system in which there is \________
a. private ownership of property
b. pursuit of individual profit
c. focus on a free market
d. government control of production

d. government control of production

In a socialist economic system, "justice" amounts to \________
a. trying to meet the basic needs of all in an equal manner.
b. doing whatever helps boost company earnings.
c. freedom of the marketplace.
d. the pursuit of the greatest profit.

a. trying to meet the basic needs of all in an equal manner.

Contrasted with socialist economic systems, capitalist economic systems are typically \________
a. less productive
b. not concerned with the level of productivity
c. equally productive
d. more productive

d. more productive

Contrasted with socialist economic systems, capitalist economic systems typically \________
a. generate about the same level of inequality.
b. do not generate any social equality.
c. generate less economic inequality.
d. generate more economic inequality.

d. generate more economic inequality.

In the United States about what share of the population aged sixteen and older is in the paid labor force?
a. 60 percent
b. 40 percent
c. 80 percent
d. 20 percent

a. 60 percent

Concerning the issue of personal freedom, capitalist systems emphasize people's \________, while socialist systems emphasize people's \________.
a. collective needs; personal needs
b. social needs; material needs
c. freedom from basic want; freedom to pursue their self-interest
d. freedom to pursue their self-interest; freedom from basic want

d. freedom to pursue their self-interest; freedom from basic want

Which of the following concepts refers to a political system in which a single family rules from generation to generation?
a. democracy
b. monarchy
c. totalitarianism
d. oligopoly

b. monarchy

In Max Weber's view, monarchy claims legitimacy based on \________
a. charismatic authority.
b. sheer force.
c. rational-legal authority.
d. traditional authority.

d. traditional authority.

Which nations in the world today claim to be democratic?
a. All low-income nations
b. Most high-income nations
c. All nations
d. No nations

b. most high-income nations

All of the following reasons arguably support the US is not truly democratic, except for:
a. Rich people have much more influence on our way of life than poor people.
b. There is a lot of economic inequality.
c. Millions of bureaucratic officials are not elected.
d. Your vote is just as good as your neighbors

d. Your vote is just as good as your neighbors

In 2016, about what percentage of the world's people lived in countries that can be considered politically "free"?
a. 19 percent
b. 39 percent
c. 9 percent
d. 69 percent

b. 39 percent

The concept of "political economy" refers to \________
a. democratic political systems.
b. any system in which people are unequal.
c. the interplay of politics and economics.
d. the most efficient form of government.

c. the interplay of politics and economics.

Capitalist societies base their claim to democracy on \________
a. meeting the basic needs of all
b. people having personal liberty
c. maintaining public order
d. their high living standards

b. people having personal liberty

Socialist societies base their claim to democracy on \________
a. people having personal liberty.
b. maintaining public order.
c. their high living standards.
d. meeting the basic needs of all.

d. meeting the basic needs of all.

The concept "authoritarian" refers to a political system that \________
a. has free elections
b. is well legitimated
c. relies on more than one kind of authority
d. denies most people participation in government

c. relies on more than one kind of authority

A totalitarian political system \________
a. mixes politics with religion.
b. concentrates power and closely regulates people's lives.
c. is government without any bureaucracy.
d. is completely democratic.

b. concentrates power and closely regulates people's lives.

The following are economic issue, except for:
a. gay rights
b. the abortion controversy
c. the family values debate
d. poverty

d. poverty

In general, high-income people tend to be \________ on social issues and \________ on economic issues.
a. conservative; liberal
b. liberal; conservative
c. liberal; liberal
d. conservative; conservative

b. liberal; conservative

The National Rifle Association is an example of a(n) \________
a. oligopoly
b. political action committee
c. special-interest group
d. intergovernmental organization

c. special-interest group

In the United States, \________ people tend to vote Democratic, while \________ people mostly vote Republican.
a. rural; urban
b. conservative; liberal
c. high-income; low-income
d. urban; rural

d. urban; rural

In the 2016 presidential election, which of the following categories of the U.S. population had the highest share of people voting?
a. African American people
b. College-aged adults
c. Hispanic people
d. (Non-Hispanic) white people

d. (Non-Hispanic) white people